Neck - Part 5 Flashcards
Hypothyroidism
Decreased activity of the thyroid gland
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism? (9)
- Weight gain
- Lethargy
- mental and physical - Skin dryness
- Feeling cold
- Muscle cramps
- Constipation
- Arthritis
- Slow metabolic rate
- Decreased heart rate
What are the causes of hypothyroidism? (4)
- Iodine deficiency
- Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
- Thyroid hormone failure
- Disease of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
What happens if hypothyroidism goes untreated? (3)
- Myxedema
- Coma
- Death
What is the most common thyroid neoplasm?
Thyroid adenoma
What is a thyroid adenoma composed of?
Epithelial tissue
What are the clinical findings for a thyroid adenoma? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Hyperthyroidism
- Female prevalence
What is the US appearance for a thyroid adenoma? (5)
- Homogeneous
- Echogenic mass
- Prominent hypo echoic peripheral halo
- Peripheral blood flow
- May degenerate and appear complex
What are 3 differential diagnosis for a thyroid adenoma?
- Carcinoma
- Cyst
- Goiter
Are thyroid adenomas more common in males or females?
Females
What are the clinical findings for a thyroid cyst? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. Palpable neck mass
What is the US appearance for a thyroid cyst? (4)
- Anechoic mass
- Smooth wall margins
- Posterior acoustic enhancement
- May demonstrate internal debris
What is a differential diagnosis for a thyroid cyst?
Cystic degeneration of a solid nodule
What is the cause of Goiter?
Impaired synthesis of thyroid hormones
What are the clinical findings for Goiter? (5)
- Palpable neck mass
- Dysphagia
- Dyspnea
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
What is the US appearance for Goiter? (2)
- Enlarged thyroid lobe(s)
2. Multiple solid nodules
What is a differential diagnosis for Goiter?
Thyroiditis
What is Graves disease?
Autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland
What are the clinical findings for Graves disease? (5)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Exophthalmos
- Palpable neck mass
- Dysphagia
- Dyspnea
What is the US appearance for Graves disease? (2)
- Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid glands
2. Multilocular nodules
What are 2 differential diagnosis for Graves disease?
- Thyroiditis
2. Carcinoma
Hashimoto disease
Chronic lymphatic inflammatory disease
What are the clinical findings of Hashimoto disease? (5)
- Often painless
- Hypothyroidism
- Leukocytosis
- Sore throat
- Fever
What is the US appearance for Hashimoto disease? (2)
- Enlarged hypo echoic thyroid glands
2. Hypervascular parenchyma
What are 2 differential diagnosis for Hashimoto disease?
- Graves disease
2. Abscess
What causes thyroiditis? (3)
- Hashimoto disease
- de Quervain
syndrome - Viral infection
What are the clinical findings of thyroiditis? (6)
- Hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Neck pain
- Dysphagia
What is the US appearance for thyroiditis? (3)
- Enlarged hypo echoic gland
- Hypervascular parenchyma
- Discrete nodules
What is a differential diagnosis for thyroiditis?
Graves disease
Brachial cleft cyst
Congenital diverticulum of the brachial cleft
What are the clinical findings for a brachial cleft cyst? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. Lateral neck mass
What is the US appearance for a brachial cleft cyst? (2)
- Anechoic superficial neck mass
2. May demonstrate internal debris
What are 2 differential diagnosis for a brachial cleft cyst?
- Thyroglossal cyst
2. Thyroid cyst
Where is the brachial cleft cyst located compared to the angle if the mandible?
Directly below it
Where is the brachial cleft cyst located compared to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Anterior to it
