Superficial Structures - Part 3 Flashcards
Amastia
Complete absence of one or both breasts
Athelia
Complete absence of the nipple
Amazia
Absence of the breast tissue with presence of the nipple
Polymastia
Accessory or supernumerary breast
Polythelia
Accessory nipple
What is the most common breast anomaly?
Polythelia
How does the skin appear on US?
Hyper echoic
What do the superficial and deep fascial planes of breast tissue look like on US?
Hyper echoic
How does glandular breast parenchyma appear as on US?
Moderately hyper echoic
How do fat breast lobules appear as on US?
Medium-gray echo pattern
How does the retromammary layer appear as on US?
Hypo echoic
How do the pectoralis muscles appear as on US?
Moderately hypo echoic
How do the Cooper ligaments appear as on US?
Hyper echoic linear structures
- may demonstrate
posterior acoustic shadowing
How do lactiferous ducts appear as on US? (2)
- Nonvascular
2. Anechoic tubular structures
What is the general patient position when scanning the breast?
Right or left posterior oblique position
What thickness should the standoff pad for the breast not exceed?
- 0cm
- 10mm
How do you describe the distance from the nipple on an US image of the breast?
1, 2 or 3
What does 1 represent when measuring distance from the nipple on a breast US image?
Area closest to the nipple
- 3 is the farthest
How do you describe the depth of the area of the breast on an US image?
A, B or C
What does C represent when measuring depth of the area of the breast on an US image?
Closest to the chest wall
- base of the breast
- A is the top of the breast
What are indications for a breast exam? (7)
- Palpable lump
- Breast inflammation
- Evaluate mass from a previous medical imaging study
- eg) mammogram - US-guided interventional procedure
- Evaluate augmented breast
- larger than normal - Evaluate male breast parenchyma
- Serial evaluation of a benign lesion
What are causes of a cyst in breast parenchyma?
- Obstruction of a duct
2. Infection
What age range are breast cysts more common?
35-50 years of age
What are the clinical findings for a cyst in the breast? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Breast pain or tenderness
- Palpable mass
What is the US appearance for a cyst in the breast?
- Anechoic round or oval mass
- Smooth, thin wall margins
- Posterior acoustic
enhancement - No internal vascular flow
- Compresses with transducer pressure
- Mass does not breach fascial
plane(s) - May demonstrate internal echoes
What are 3 differential diagnosis for a cyst in the breast?
- Lactiferous duct
- Fibroadenoma
- Carcinoma
Cystosarcoma phyllodes
Uncommon benign fibroepithelial neoplasm
What can cystosarcoma phyllodes undergo?
Malignant transformation
What are the clinical findings of cystosarcoma phyllodes? (2)
- Sudden onset of a palpable nontender breast mass
2. Mobile mass
What is the US appearance for cystosarcoma phyllodes? (7)
- Oval mass demonstrating a low- to medium-level echo pattern
- Unilateral mass
- May demonstrate cystic spaces within the mass
- Smooth wall margins
- Width of mass is larger than the height
- Mass does not breach fascial
plane(s) - Internal blood flow may be demonstrated
What are 4 differential diagnosis for cystosarcoma phyllodes?
- Complex cyst
- Fibroadenoma
- Carcinoma
- Normal breast fat
What is a fibroadenoma composed of?
Dense epithelial and fibroblastic tissue
What is a fibroadenoma influenced by?
Estrogen levels
What are the clinical findings for a fibroadenoma? (4)
- Asymptomatic
- Palpable non-tender
breast mass - Mobile mass
- Firm or rubbery on
palpation
What is the US appearance for a fibroadenoma? (6)
- Solid oval-shaped breast mass
- Low- to medium-level echo pattern
- Posterior acoustic enhancement
- Mass does not breach the fascial plane
- Width of mass is larger than the height
- Can degenerate or calcify Internal blood flow may be
demonstrated
What are 3 differential diagnosis for a fibroadenoma?
- Complex cyst
- Normal breast fat
- Carcinoma
