Superficial Structures - Part 6 Flashcards
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge joint
- condyloid joint
What does the knee joint connect?
The femur and the tibia
What movement does the knee joint allow? (2)
- Flexion
2. Extension
What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket
What does the shoulder joint articulate with? (2)
- Humerus
2. Scapula
What does the shoulder joint include? (2)
- 8 bursae
2. 5 ligaments
What is the most mobile joint in the body?
The shoulder joint
How does superficial fat appear on US?
Medium shade of gray
How do muscles appear on US?
Low to medium shade of gray echo pattern with hyper echoic striations
How does the peritoneal line appear on US?
Hyper echoic linear structure anterior to the peritoneal cavity in the deepest layer of the abdominal wall
How do tendons appear on US in a longitudinal plane?
Homogeneous with hyper echoic linear bands throughout
How do ligaments appear on US in a longitudinal plane?
Homogeneous with compacted hyper echoic linear bands
How do ligaments appear on US in a transverse plane?
Spotted appearance
How does a bursae appear in a sagittal plane?
Thin linear hypo echoic structure that merges with the surrounding fat
- hard to see in the transverse plane
How do synovial sheaths appear on US?
Thin hypo echoic line beneath the tendon
How do peripheral nerves appear on US?
Echogenic structures and tend to be slightly hypo echoic compared with the tendons and ligaments
What frequency do you use with the abdominal wall to get optimal resolution?
10-17MHz
What are the indications of an anterior abdominal wall exam? (5)
- Trauma
- Hernia
- Palpable mass
- Post surgery
- Evaluate mass from previous medical imaging study
- eg) CT
What are the indications of a MSK exam? (6)
- Trauma
- Pain
- Palpable mass
- Hernia
- Decrease in motion
- Evaluate mass from previous medical imaging study
- eg) CT
What is the cause of an abdominal wall abscess?
Infection
What are the clinical findings for an abdominal wall abscess? (3)
- Palpable abdominal wall mass
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
What is the US appearance of an abdominal wall abscess? (2)
- Hypo echoic or anechoic mass anterior to the peritoneal fascial plane
- May demonstrate posterior acoustic enhancement or shadowing
What are 3 differential diagnosis of an abdominal wall abscess?
- Hematoma
- Hernia
- Seroma
Lipoma
Growth of fat cells in a thin, fibrous capsule
What is the clinical finding of a lipoma?
Palpable superficial mass
What is the US appearance of a lipoma? (2)
- Isoechoic to hypo echoic superficial mass
2. Smooth wall margins
What are 2 differential diagnosis of a lipoma?
- Lymph node
2. Leiomyoma
What are the causes of rectus sheath hematoma? (7)
- Trauma
- Pregnancy
- Long-term steroid use
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Heavy exercise
- Anticoagulant therapy
What are the clinical findings of rectus sheath hematoma? (2)
- Abdominal pain
2. Abdominal mass
What is the US appearance of rectus sheath hematoma?
Hypo echoic or anechoic mass located in the rectus muscle or between the sheath and muscle
What are 2 differential diagnosis of rectus sheath hematoma?
- Abscess
2. Hernia
What can cause an umbilical hernia?
Defect in the abdominal muscles
What is a clinical finding of an umbilical hernia?
Visual or palpable umbilical mass
What is the US appearance of an umbilical hernia?
Extension of the intestines and/or omentum through a defect in the abdominal wall
What are 2 differential diagnosis of an umbilical hernia?
- Hematoma
2. Abscess
