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Retroperitoneum - Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymph node? (2)

A
  1. Filter the lymph of debris and organisms

2. Form lymphocytes and antibodies to fight infection

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2
Q

What is the US appearance of a normal lymph node? (6)

A
  1. Hypo echoic solid mass
  2. Hyper echoic fatty center
  3. Smooth margins
  4. Oval shape
  5. Internal vascular blood flow especially at the hilum
  6. Usually measures less than 1cm
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3
Q

What is the US appearance of retroperitoneal masses? (6)

A
  1. Hyper echoic to hypo echoic mass(es)
  2. Irregular wall margins
  3. Anterior displacement of the kidneys, IVC, aorta and mesenteric
    vessels
  4. Deformity of the IVC and urinary bladder
  5. Obstruction of the urinary tract or biliary system
  6. Loss of organ definition
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4
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Any disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

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5
Q

What is the US appearance of lymphadenopathy? (4)

A
  1. Hypo echoic mass
  2. May appear complex
  3. Smooth or irregular margins
  4. Exceeds 1cm in size
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6
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy?

A
  1. Lipoma
  2. Retroperitoneal fibrosis
  3. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
  4. Horseshoe kidney
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7
Q

Lymphocele

A

A fluid collection containing lymph from an injured lymph vessel

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8
Q

What is lymphocele commonly associated with?

A

With organ transplant and lymph node removal

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9
Q

What is the US appearance for lymphocele? (5)

A
  1. Anechoic fluid collection
  2. Round or oval in shape
  3. Well-defined borders
  4. Frequently contain septations
  5. Posterior acoustic enhancement
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10
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for lymphocele?

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Urinoma
  3. Ascites
  4. Abscess
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11
Q

Retroperitoneal abscess

A

A collection of pus between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the US appearance for retroperitoneal abscess? (4)

A
  1. Hypo echoic or complex mass
  2. Irregular margins
  3. May demonstrate posterior acoustic shadowing
  4. Mass takes on the shape of the space
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13
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal abscess?

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Lymphadenopathy
  3. Retroperitoneal fibrosis
  4. Horseshoe kidney
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14
Q

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

A chronic inflammatory process in which fibrotic tissue surrounds the large blood vessels located in the lumbar area

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15
Q

What is the cause of retroperitoneal fibrosis?

A

Usually idiopathic

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16
Q

What is the US appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis? (3)

A
  1. Hypo echoic bulky midline mass
  2. Rarely extends above the second
    lumbar vertebra
  3. May demonstrate associated
    hydronephrosis
17
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis?

A
  1. Lymphadenopathy
  2. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
  3. Retroperitoneal abscess
  4. Horseshoe kidney
18
Q

What is a retroperitoneal hemorrhage associated with? (5)

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Tumour
  3. Aneurysm
  4. Cyst
  5. Infarction
19
Q

What is the US appearance of a retroperitoneal hemorrhage? (2)

A
  1. Hypo echoic fluid collections

2. May demonstrate echogenic clot

20
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis of a retroperitoneal hemorrhage?

A
  1. Ascites
  2. Retroperitoneal fibrosis
  3. Lymphadenopathy
  4. Horseshoe kidney
21
Q

Urinoma

A

A cyst filled with urine

22
Q

Where is a urinoma located?

A

Adjacent or within the urinary tract

- typically located in the perinephric space

23
Q

What is the US appearance for an urinoma? (4)

A
  1. Anechoic fluid collection
  2. Smooth, thin walls
  3. Frequently contain septations
  4. Rapid increase in size on serial
    examinations
24
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for an urinoma?

A
  1. Lymphocele
  2. Hematoma
  3. Cyst
  4. Abscess
25
Q

Fibroma

A

A neoplasm consisting largely of fibrous connective tissue

26
Q

What is the US appearance of a fibroma? (2)

A
  1. Hyper echoic mass 2. Well-defined wall margins
27
Q

What are 3 differential diagnosis of a fibroma?

A
  1. Lipoma
  2. Mesothelioma
  3. Myxoma
28
Q

Lipoma

A

A neoplasm consisting of fatty tissue

29
Q

What is the US appearance of a lipoma? (2)

A
  1. Hyper echoic mass 2. Well-defined wall margins
30
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis of a lipoma?

A
  1. Fibroma
  2. Liposarcoma
  3. Mesothelioma
  4. Myxoma
31
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Abnormal growth of the epithelial cells

32
Q

What is the US appearance for mesothelioma? (3)

A
  1. Localized echogenic mass
  2. Irregular wall margins
  3. Similar appearance to the fetal
    placenta
33
Q

What are 5 differential diagnosis of mesothelioma?

A
  1. Liposarcoma
  2. Lymphadenopathy
  3. Lipoma
  4. Myxoma
  5. Horseshoe kidney

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