Scrotum and Prostate - Part 7 Flashcards
What causes hydrocele? (3)
- The closure of the tunica vaginalis is defective
- The distal end of the processus vaginalis closes correctly, but the midportion of the processus remains patent
- The proximal end may be open or closed in this type of hydrocele
What are the clinical findings for a hydrocele? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Palpable inguinal mass
- Inguinal or scrotal pain
What is the US appearance for a hydrocele? (3)
- Anechoic fluid collection within the inguinal canal
- Posterior acoustic enhancement
- No internal blood flow
What is a differential diagnosis for a hydrocele?
Inguinal hernia
What is a cause of BPH?
Noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland
Where does BPH usually occur in?
Transitional zone
What are the clinical findings of BPH? (4)
- Urinary frequency 2. Dysuria
- Decreased urinary
output - UTI
What is the US appearance for BPH? (4)
- Symmetrical prostate enlargement
- Hypo echoic parenchyma
- May demonstrate nodules, cysts, or calcifications
- Associated hydronephrosis
What is a differential diagnosis for BPH?
Carcinoma
What is prostatic carcinoma associated with?
Hormone
production
What are the clinical findings for prostatic carcinoma? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Hematuria
- Bladder obstruction
What is the US appearance for prostatic carcinoma? (3)
- Small hypo echoic nodules
- Smooth or irregular wall
margins - Elevated PSA
What is the majority of prostatic carcinoma commonly located?
In the peripheral zone
What are 2 differential diagnosis for prostatic carcinoma?
- Seminal vesicle
2. BPH
Where do prostatic cysts occur?
Laterally in any of
the three zones
What are the clinical findings for prostatic cysts? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. BPH
What is the US appearance for prostatic cysts? (4)
- Anechoic prostate mass
- Smooth wall margins
- Posterior acoustic
enhancement - Lack of internal vascular flow
What are 3 differential diagnosis for prostatic cysts?
- Resolving hematoma
- Vascular structure
- Post TURP scar
What are the causes of prostatitis? (2)
- Infection
- Acute or chronic
inflammation of the prostate gland
What are the clinical findings for prostatitis? (2)
- Urinary frequency and urgency
2. Dysuria
What is the US appearance for prostatitis? (2)
- Diffuse hyper echoic parenchyma
2. Prostate atrophy in chronic cases
What is a differential diagnosis for prostatitis?
Calcifications
Hydrocele
Two layers of the tunica vaginalis
Where does carcinoma of the prostate gland most commonly develop in?
The peripheral zone
An anechoic structure arising from the rete testes describes what structure?
Spermatocele
What most commonly causes epididymitis?
Bladder infection
Where is the most common region for BPH to occur?
Transitional zone
A 30-year-old patient presents with a low-grade fever and acute testicular pain. An enlarged hypo echoic right testis is demonstrated on US. Hypervascular flow is demonstrated within the testis on colour Doppler imaging. On the basis of this clinical history, the US findings are most suspicious for which abnormalitie?
Orchitis
The majority of blood supplied to the prostate gland is through the…
Capsular artery
Blood is supplied directly to the epididymis through which artery?
Cremasteric
Which pathology is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain?
Epididymitis
60-year-old patient presents with a history of urinary frequency and a decrease in urinary output. These clinical symptoms are most commonly associated with:
BPH
