Neck - Part 6 Flashcards
What is the cause of a cystic hygroma?
Inadequate drainage of lymph fluid into the jugular vein
What happens with a cystic hygroma?
Increased secretion from the epithelial lining
What are the clinical findings of a cystic hygroma? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. Posterior neck mass
What is the US appearance for a cystic hygroma? (2)
- Thin-walled
2. Multilocular cystic structure
What is the cause of a thyroglossal cyst?
Embryonic remnant
What are the clinical findings of a thyroglossal cyst? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. Superficial anterior neck mass
What is the US appearance of a thyroglossal cyst? (2)
- Anechoic superficial neck mass
2. May demonstrate internal debris
What are 2 differential diagnosis of a thyroglossal cyst?
- Thyroid cyst
2. Brachial cleft cyst
Where is a thyroglossal cyst located?
Between the tongue and the thyroid isthmus
What is the most common malignant thyroid carcinoma?
Papillary
- 80%
What are the clinical findings of thyroid carcinoma? (6)
- Palpable neck mass
- Dysphagia
- Dyspnea
- Hoarseness
- Neck pain
- Lymphadenopathy
What is the US appearance for thyroid carcinoma? (7)
- Hypo echoic mass
- Irregular borders
- Thick incomplete
peripheral halo - Microcalcification
- May degenerate
- Increase in size from
previous examination - Metastases to cervical
lymph nodes, lung, bone, and larynx
What are 3 differential diagnosis for thyroid carcinoma?
- Cystic degeneration of a benign nodule
- Nodular goiter
- Abscess
Hypercalcemia
Elevated calcium in the blood
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? (9)
- Confusion
- Anorexia
- Abdominal pain
- Muscle pain and weakness
- Stone formation
- Gout
- Arthritis
- Weight loss
- Bone demineralization
What is associated with hypercalcemia? (4)
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Metastatic bone tumour
- Paget disease
- Osteoporosis
What are extremely high levels of hypercalcemia result in? (4)
- Coma
- Shock
- Kidney failure
- Death
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive function of the parathyroid glands
What can hyperparathyroidism lead to? (2)
- Osteoporosis
2. Nephrolithiasis
What is elevated with hyperparathyroidism?
Parathormone
Hypocalcemia
Deficiency of calcium in the blood
What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? (5)
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Hyperparesthesia of the hands, feet,
lips, and tongue - Muscle cramps
- Anxiety
- Fatigue
What is hypocalcemia associated with? (4)
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Kidney failure
- Acute pancreatitis
- Inadequate amount of magnesium and protein
Hypoparathyroidism
Insufficient function of the parathyroid glands
What is hypoparathyroidism associated with? (2)
- Hypercalcemia
2. Primary parathyroid dysfunction
What is the cause of a parathyroid adenoma?
Exposure to ionizing radiation
What are the clinical findings of a parathyroid adenoma? (5)
- Hypercalcemia
- Decrease in serum
phosphorus - Hypertension
- Stone formation
- Pancreatitis
What is the US appearance of a parathyroid adenoma? (3)
- Hypo echoic mass located posterior and medial to the thyroid gland
- Oval in shape
- Internal vascular flow
within larger lesions
What are 2 differential diagnosis of a parathyroid adenoma?
- Lymph node
2. Thyroid nodule
How does a parathyroid carcinoma grow?
Slowly
What does a parathyroid carcinoma tend to do?
Infiltrate
surrounding tissues
What are the clinical findings for parathyroid carcinoma? (3)
- Hypercalcemia
- Elevated parathormone level
- Firm palpable neck mass
What is the US appearance for parathyroid carcinoma? (4)
- Hypo echoic lobulated mass
- Round or oval in shape
- Attenuation of sound
- dense - Hypervascular
What are 4 differential diagnosis for parathyroid carcinoma?
- Parathyroid adenoma 2. Lymph node
- Thyroid neoplasm
- Graves disease
