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KaBoom > Neck - Part 6 > Flashcards

Neck - Part 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of a cystic hygroma?

A

Inadequate drainage of lymph fluid into the jugular vein

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2
Q

What happens with a cystic hygroma?

A

Increased secretion from the epithelial lining

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3
Q

What are the clinical findings of a cystic hygroma? (2)

A
  1. Asymptomatic

2. Posterior neck mass

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4
Q

What is the US appearance for a cystic hygroma? (2)

A
  1. Thin-walled

2. Multilocular cystic structure

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5
Q

What is the cause of a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Embryonic remnant

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6
Q

What are the clinical findings of a thyroglossal cyst? (2)

A
  1. Asymptomatic

2. Superficial anterior neck mass

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7
Q

What is the US appearance of a thyroglossal cyst? (2)

A
  1. Anechoic superficial neck mass

2. May demonstrate internal debris

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8
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis of a thyroglossal cyst?

A
  1. Thyroid cyst

2. Brachial cleft cyst

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9
Q

Where is a thyroglossal cyst located?

A

Between the tongue and the thyroid isthmus

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10
Q

What is the most common malignant thyroid carcinoma?

A

Papillary

- 80%

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11
Q

What are the clinical findings of thyroid carcinoma? (6)

A
  1. Palpable neck mass
  2. Dysphagia
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Hoarseness
  5. Neck pain
  6. Lymphadenopathy
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12
Q

What is the US appearance for thyroid carcinoma? (7)

A
  1. Hypo echoic mass
  2. Irregular borders
  3. Thick incomplete
    peripheral halo
  4. Microcalcification
  5. May degenerate
  6. Increase in size from
    previous examination
  7. Metastases to cervical
    lymph nodes, lung, bone, and larynx
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13
Q

What are 3 differential diagnosis for thyroid carcinoma?

A
  1. Cystic degeneration of a benign nodule
  2. Nodular goiter
  3. Abscess
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14
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Elevated calcium in the blood

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? (9)

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Anorexia
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Muscle pain and weakness
  5. Stone formation
  6. Gout
  7. Arthritis
  8. Weight loss
  9. Bone demineralization
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16
Q

What is associated with hypercalcemia? (4)

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Metastatic bone tumour
  3. Paget disease
  4. Osteoporosis
17
Q

What are extremely high levels of hypercalcemia result in? (4)

A
  1. Coma
  2. Shock
  3. Kidney failure
  4. Death
18
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive function of the parathyroid glands

19
Q

What can hyperparathyroidism lead to? (2)

A
  1. Osteoporosis

2. Nephrolithiasis

20
Q

What is elevated with hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathormone

21
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Deficiency of calcium in the blood

22
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? (5)

A
  1. Cardiac arrhythmia
  2. Hyperparesthesia of the hands, feet,
    lips, and tongue
  3. Muscle cramps
  4. Anxiety
  5. Fatigue
23
Q

What is hypocalcemia associated with? (4)

A
  1. Hypoparathyroidism
  2. Kidney failure
  3. Acute pancreatitis
  4. Inadequate amount of magnesium and protein
24
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Insufficient function of the parathyroid glands

25
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism associated with? (2)

A
  1. Hypercalcemia

2. Primary parathyroid dysfunction

26
Q

What is the cause of a parathyroid adenoma?

A

Exposure to ionizing radiation

27
Q

What are the clinical findings of a parathyroid adenoma? (5)

A
  1. Hypercalcemia
  2. Decrease in serum
    phosphorus
  3. Hypertension
  4. Stone formation
  5. Pancreatitis
28
Q

What is the US appearance of a parathyroid adenoma? (3)

A
  1. Hypo echoic mass located posterior and medial to the thyroid gland
  2. Oval in shape
  3. Internal vascular flow
    within larger lesions
29
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis of a parathyroid adenoma?

A
  1. Lymph node

2. Thyroid nodule

30
Q

How does a parathyroid carcinoma grow?

A

Slowly

31
Q

What does a parathyroid carcinoma tend to do?

A

Infiltrate

surrounding tissues

32
Q

What are the clinical findings for parathyroid carcinoma? (3)

A
  1. Hypercalcemia
  2. Elevated parathormone level
  3. Firm palpable neck mass
33
Q

What is the US appearance for parathyroid carcinoma? (4)

A
  1. Hypo echoic lobulated mass
  2. Round or oval in shape
  3. Attenuation of sound
    - dense
  4. Hypervascular
34
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for parathyroid carcinoma?

A
  1. Parathyroid adenoma 2. Lymph node
  2. Thyroid neoplasm
  3. Graves disease

KaBoom (81 decks)

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