Superficial Structures - Part 7 Flashcards
What causes Achilles tendonitis? (2)
- Inflammation
2. Trauma
What are the clinical findings of Achilles tendonitis? (3)
- Pain or tenderness at the site of insertion
- Palpable mass
- Decreased range of motion in the foot or ankle joint
What is the US appearance of Achilles tendonitis? (6)
- Thickening of the tendon
- Tendon thickness exceeding 7mm
- Prominent hypo echoic areas
interspersed between the
fibrous tissues - Irregular wall margins
- Hypervascularity
- Calcifications in chronic cases
What are 3 differential diagnosis of Achilles tendonitis?
- Partial tear
- Anisotropy artifact
- Tendinosis
What is the cause of an Achilles tendon tear?
Trauma
What are the clinical findings of an Achilles tendon tear? (3)
- Painful tendon
- Positive Thompson test
- Focal cleft at tendon insertion
What is the US appearance of a complete Achilles tendon tear? (2)
- Irregular tendon contour
2. Hematoma surrounding the defect
What is the US appearance of a partial Achilles tendon tear? (2)
- Focal disruption in the tendon
2. Fluid collection within the tendon
What are 3 differential diagnosis of an Achilles tendon tear?
- Anisotropy artifact 2. Tendonitis
3. Tendinosis
What is an Achilles tendon tear most commonly located?
Distal portion 2-6cm from the calcaneus
What are the causes of a Baker’s cyst? (4)
- Knee trauma
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Chronic knee
dysfunction
What are the clinical findings for a Baker’s cyst? (2)
- Pain in knee or proximal calf
2. Knee swelling Palpable mass
What is the US appearance for a Baker’s cyst? (4)
- Anechoic mass in the medial and posterior aspect of the knee
- May contain internal echoes
- May extend into the calf
- rarely extends into the thigh - Fluid collections dissect inferiorly
into the muscular fascial planes when ruptured
What are 3 differential diagnosis for a Baker’s cyst?
- Joint effusion
- Abscess
- Hematoma
What are the risk factors for a development displacement of a hip? (6)
- Family history of congenital dislocation of the hip
- Female infant
- Breech presentation
- Pregnancies with
oligohydramnios - Foot deformity that requires further treatment
- Neonatal torticollis
What are the clinical findings for development displacement of a hip? (6)
- Clicky hip on the 2. Barlow or Ortolani maneuvers
- Limited abduction
- Thigh asymmetry 5. Limb shortening 6. Abnormal leg posture
What is the US appearance for development displacement of a hip? (2)
- Shallow acetabulum
- Femoral head not in contact with
acetabular floor
What is the alpha angle for development displacement of a hip?
Less than 60 degrees
What is the beta angle for development displacement of a hip?
Greater than 50 degrees
What are 2 differential diagnosis for development displacement of a hip?
- Immature hip
2. Technical error
What are causes of a ganglion cyst? (2)
- Idiopathic
2. Repetitive motion
What are the clinical findings for a ganglion cyst? (2)
- Small bulge found on the wrist
- but can occur with any tendon - Pain
What is the US appearance for a ganglion cyst? (3)
- Anechoic fluid collection at tendon connection to bone
2. Single or multiple 3. Variable size
What are 2 differential diagnosis for a ganglion cyst?
- Tenosynovitis
2. Synovial sarcoma
Morton’s neuroma
Benign growth of the plantar nerve tissue
What are the clinical findings of Morton’s neuroma? (2)
- Sharp burning pain radiating from the foot to the toes
2. Numbness of the ball of the foot
What is the US appearance for Morton’s neuroma?
Hypo echoic intermetatarsal mass
What are 2 differential diagnosis for Morton’s neuroma?
- Ganglion cyst
2. Giant cell tumour
What causes a muscle tear? (2)
- Sprain
2. Strain
What are the risk factors for a muscle tear? (5)
- Increase in age
- Lifting above the head
- Sports strains
- Cigarette smoking 5. Corticosteroid medications
What are the clinical findings for a muscle tear? (3)
- Pain
- Swelling
- Decrease in range of motion
What is the US appearance for a muscle tear? (3)
- Heterogeneous mass
- Focal disruption of the normal muscle
- Perifascial fluid
What are 2 differential diagnosis for a muscle tear?
- Giant cell tumour
2. Neuroma
