Urinary System - Part 11 Flashcards
What are the 3 layers of the baldder?
- Serosa
- Muscle
- Mucosa
What is the normal thickness of the bladder when it is distended?
3mm
What is the normal thickness of the bladder when it is empty?
5mm
Which bladder is more thick, infants or adults?
Infants
What should post void residual not exceed?
20mL
Where do the ureters meet the bladder?
At the trigone
What is the normal US appearance of the bladder?
Anechoic fluid-filled structure located in the pelvic midline
What is the normal US appearance of the ureters?
Small echogenic protuberances on the posterior aspect of
the bladder
What causes bladder exstrophy?
Failure of the mesoderm to form over the lower abdomen
When is bladder exstrophy typically discovered?
In utero
What is the US appearance of bladder exstrophy? (3)
- Lower anterior abdominal wall defect 2. Mass protruding from this defect
- Normal bladder not identified
What are 3 differential diagnosis for bladder exstrophy?
- Omphalocele
- Inguinal hernia
- Umbilical hernia
What causes bladder diverticulum?
Bladder wall muscle weakness
What are the clinical findings of bladder diverticulum? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Urinary tract infection
- Pelvic pain
What is the US appearance for bladder diverticulum? (3)
- Anechoic pedunculation of the urinary bladder
- Neck of diverticulum is small
- May enlarge when bladder contracts
What are 3 differential diagnosis for bladder diverticulum?
- Ovarian cyst
2. Fluid-filled bowel 3. Ascites
Bladder ureterocele
Congenital obstruction of the ureteric orifice
What are the clinical findings for bladder ureterocele? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. UIT
What is the US appearance for bladder ureterocele?
Hyper echoic septation seen within the bladder at the ureteric orifice
- demonstrated when urine enters the bladder
What are 3 differential diagnosis for bladder ureterocele?
- Artifact
- Bladder tumour
- Catheter balloon
What are the clinical findings for urachal sinus? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. Fluid draining from the umbilicus
What is the US appearance for urachal sinus?
Linear tubular structure extending from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus
What are 2 differential diagnosis for urachal sinus?
- Rectus abdominis hematoma
2. Subcutaneous fat
What causes bladder calculus?
Urinary stasis
What are the clinical findings for bladder calculus? (4)
- Asymptomatic
- Hematuria
- Urinary frequency and urgency
- Recurrent UTI’s
What is the US appearance for bladder calculus? (3)
- Hyper echoic focus within the urinary bladder
- Posterior acoustic shadowing
- Mobile with patient position change
What are 2 differential diagnosis for bladder calculus?
- Intestinal air
2. Calcified vessel
What are the clinical findings for cystitis? (3)
- Dysuria
- Urinary frequency
- Leukocytosis
What is the US appearance for cystitis? (2)
- Increase in bladder wall thickness
2. Mobile internal echoes
What are 2 differential diagnosis for cystitis?
- Bladder sludge
2. Hematuria
What is a clinical finding for bladder sludge?
Asymptomatic
What is the US appearance for bladder sludge? (2)
- Homogeneous low-level echoes
2. Mobile with patient position change
What are 2 differential diagnosis for bladder sludge?
- Cystitis
2. Hematuria
What can lead to bladder malignancy?
TCC
What are the clinical findings for bladder malignancy? (3)
- Painless hematuria 2. Frequent urination 3. Dysuria
What is the US appearance for bladder malignancy? (3)
- Echogenic mass
- Irregular margins
- Immobile with patient position change Internal vascular blood flow
What are 4 differential diagnosis for bladder malignancy?
- Benign tumour
- Bladder sludge
- Ureterocele
- Metastatic tumour
What causes a bladder polyp?
Papilloma
What are the clinical findings for a bladder polyp? (2)
- Asymptomatic
2. Frequent urination
What is the US appearance for a bladder polyp? (3)
- Echogenic intraluminal mass
- Smooth margins
- Immobile with patient position change Internal vascular flow
What are 3 differential diagnosis for a bladder polyp?
- Malignant tumour
- Bladder sludge
- Ureterocele
Which structures is considered the basic functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Which condition is most likely to mimic a duplicated urinary system?
Hypertrophied column of Bertin
What are dialysis patients at an increased risk for developing?
Renal carcinoma
Which renal structures is composed of blood vessels or nerve fibers?
Glomerulus
A patient complaining of sharp, severe flank pain radiating to the groin is describing?
Renal colic
43-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department complaining of right flank pain and dysuria. A generalized swelling of the kidney is demonstrated. The medullary pyramids appear well defined. This is most suspicious for?
Pyelonephritis
Which patient positions is typically used for renal biopsy procedures?
Prone
Fibromuscular hyperplasia is most commonly associated with stenosis in which renal arteries?
Main renal artery
Renal artery stenosis is suggested after the peak systolic velocity exceeds?
180cm/s
