Urinary System - Part 5

Question 1

What is the normal adult US appearance of the renal capsule?

Answer 1

Well-defined echogenic line surrounding the kidney

Question 2

What is the normal adult US appearance of the renal cortex? (2)

Answer 2

1. Fine, moderate, to low-level echogenicity

2. Less echogenic compared to the normal liver parenchyma

Question 3

What is the normal adult US appearance of the medulla?

Answer 3

Hypo echoic

- may appear anechoic

Question 4

What is the normal adult US appearance of the columns of bertin?

Answer 4

Moderate to low-level echogenicity

Question 5

What is the normal adult US appearance of the renal sinus?

Answer 5

Hyper echoic

- most echogenic

Question 6

What is the normal adult US appearance of the arcuate vessels?

Answer 6

Small echogenic foci at the corticomedullary junction

Question 7

What is the normal adult cortical thickenss?

Answer 7

1cm minimum

Question 8

What is the normal pediactric US appearance of the renal capsule?

Answer 8

Sparse amount of perinephric fat makes it difficult to distinguish the capsule

Question 9

What is the normal pediactric US appearance of the renal cortex?

Answer 9

Moderate to highly echogenic

Question 10

What is the normal pediactric US appearance of the medulla?

Answer 10

Commonly anechoic

- dont get it mistaken for hydronephrosis

Question 11

What is the normal pediactric US appearance of the renal sinus?

Answer 11

Barely visible in infants

Question 12

What can be used to reduce artifact echoes within anechoic structures in the kidney? (2)

Answer 12

1. Harmonics
2. Decrease spatial compounding
   - compression

Question 13

What are the indications for a urinary systems exam? (8)

Answer 13

1. Increase in creatinine or blood to nitrogen (BUN) levels
2. Urinary tract infection
3. Flank pain
4. Hematuria
5. Hypertension
6. Decrease in urine output
7. Trauma
8. Evaluate mass from previous medical imaging study
   - eg) CT

Question 14

BUN

Answer 14

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Question 15

What are the normal creatine levels?

Answer 15

0.6-1.2mg/dL

Question 16

Creatine

Answer 16

A waste product produced from meat protein and normal wear and tear on the
muscles in the body

Question 17

What is the benefit of creatine?

Answer 17

More specific in determining renal dysfunction than BUN levels

Question 18

What is creatine elevated in? (3)

Answer 18

1. Renal failure
2. Chronic nephritis
3. Urinary obstruction

Question 19

What is the normal range for BUN?

Answer 19

11-23mg/dL

Question 20

What is BUN produced from?

Answer 20

From the breakdown of food proteins

Question 21

What is BUN elevated in? (3)

Answer 21

1. Urinary obstruction
2. Renal dysfunction
3. Dehydration

Question 22

What are decreased levels of BUN associated with? (5)

Answer 22

1. Overhydration
2. Pregnancy
3. Liver failure
4. Decrease in protein intake
5. Smoking

Question 23

Hematuria

Answer 23

Visible or microscopic RBC in the urine

Question 24

What is hematuria associated with?

Answer 24

Early renal disease

Question 25

Proteinuria

Answer 25

Abnormal amount of proteins in the urine

Question 26

What is proteinuria associated with? (6)

Answer 26

1. Nephritis
2. Nephrolithiasis
3. Carcinoma
4. Polycysticdisease
5. Hypertension
6. Diabetes mellitus

Question 27

What does proteinuria have an increase risk of?

Answer 27

Developing progressive renal dysfunction

Question 28

What is concentration-dilution urinalysis used for?

Answer 28

To detect chronic renal disease