Pancreas - Part 1

Question 1

Ampulla of Vater

Answer 1

Opening in the duodenum for the entrance of the CBD

Question 2

Annular pancreas

Answer 2

Anomaly caused by the failure of a normal regression of the left ventral bud

Question 3

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 3

Autosomal recessive exocrine gland disorder where organs become clogged with mucus secreted by the exocrine glands
- involves the lungs

Question 4

What is pancreatoduodenectomy also known as?

Answer 4

Whipple procedure

Question 5

Whipple procedure

Answer 5

A surgical resection of the pancreatic head or periampullary area

• relieves obstruction of the biliary tree that is often caused by a malignant tumour
• the remaining normal pancreatic tissue is attached to the duodenum

Question 6

Phlegmon

Answer 6

An extension of pancreatic inflammation into the peripancreatic tissues, resulting in an enlarged solid inflammatory mass with retroperitoneal fat necrosis

Question 7

Sphincter of Oddi

Answer 7

A sheath of muscle fibers surrounding the distal common bile and pancreatic ducts as they cross the wall of the duodenum

Question 8

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas? (2)

Answer 8

1. Highly digestive enzymes are secreted by the acinar cells and drain into the duodenum through the pancreatic ducts
2. Chyme from the duodenum stimulates release of hormones that act on the pancreatic juices

Question 9

Amylase

Answer 9

Breaks down carbohydrates

Question 10

Lipase

Answer 10

Breaks down fats

Question 11

Trypsin

Answer 11

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

Question 12

Where is cholecystokinin produced?

Answer 12

In the duodenum

Question 13

What is gastrin secreted by?

Answer 13

The stomach

Question 14

Where is secretin produced?

Answer 14

In the duodenum

Question 15

What does cholecystokinin do?

Answer 15

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic

enzymes and contraction of the GB

Question 16

What does gastrin do? (2)

Answer 16

1. Stimulates the secretion of gastric acids
2. Stimulates
   growth of mucosa of the exocrine pancreas

Question 17

What does secretin do?

Answer 17

Stimulate secretion of sodium bicarbonate

Question 18

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 18

Islet cells of Langerhans secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 19

What does it lead to if there is a failure to produce sufficient amount of insulin?

Answer 19

Diabetes mellitus

Question 20

Is the pancreas a intra or retroperitoneal oragn?

Answer 20

Retroperitoneal

Question 21

How long is the pancreas on average?

Answer 21

12-18cm

Question 22

What is the most superior portion of the pancreas tail?

Answer 22

Tail

Question 23

Where does the tail of the pancreas lay compared to the splenic vein?

Answer 23

Anterior and parallel to the vessel

Question 24

Where does the tail of the pancreas lay compared to the kidney, stomach and spine?

Answer 24

1. Kidney = anterior
2. Stomach = posterior
3. Spine = lateral

Question 25

What is the largest portion of the pancreas?

Answer 25

Body

Question 26

What is the most anterior aspect of the pancreas?

Answer 26

Body

Question 27

What vessels does the pancreas body lie anterior to? (5)

Answer 27

1. Aorta
2. SMA
3. SMV
4. Splenic vein
5. Left renal vein

Question 28

What does directly anterior to the neck of the pancreas? (2)

Answer 28

1. SMV

2. Portosplenic confluence

Question 29

What is on the medial, lateral and anterior sides of the head of the pancreas?

Answer 29

1. Medial = descending portion of the duodenum
2. Lateral = SMV
3. IVC

Question 30

What does the head of the pancreas lie inferior to? (2)

Answer 30

1. MPV

2. Hepatic artery

Question 31

Where does the GDA lie on the pancreas head?

Answer 31

Anterolateral

Question 32

Where does the CBD lie on the pancreas head?

Answer 32

Posterolateral

Question 33

Where does the uncinate process lay?

Answer 33

1. Directly posterior to the SMV

2. Anterior to the aorta and IVC