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1
Q

What is the name of the mental process that deals with noticing the stimuli in our environment?

A

Perception

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2
Q

What is the name of the mental process of selecting which stimulus to focus on?

A

Attention

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3
Q

What is the name of the mental process by which the mind stores information?

A

Memory.

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4
Q

When Robin focusses on irrelevant details, which cognitive process is dysfunctional for him?

A

Attention.

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5
Q

According to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia, the symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by….

A

EDysfunctional reasoning.
Dysfunctional mental processes.

CDysfunctional attention.

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6
Q

What is the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia?

A

The symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by dysfunctional mental processes.

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7
Q

According to the cognitive explanation, which dysfunctional mental processes cause someone to have schizophrenia?

A

Reasoning.
Attention

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8
Q

What is dysfunctional attention?

A

When someone gets easily distracted and tends to over-focus their attention on irrelevant details.

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9
Q

When Robin thinks that someone is trying to attack him, what type of bias is he displaying?

A

Persecution bias

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10
Q

if Robin believes that the nurses and doctors in the hospital are conspiring to kill him, which symptom of schizophrenia is he displaying?

A

Delusions

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11
Q

What is the first step in how dysfunctional thought processes cause delusions?

A

Dysfunctional attention causes patients to overfocus on small irrelevant details of real events and coincidences.

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12
Q

Dysfunctional attention causes patients with schizophrenia to overfocus on small, irrelevant details and coincidences, such that these details start to feel more important than they really are.
$$

This lead to patients experiencing delusions because the patient tries to explain why coincidences keep happening, but…

A

their dysfunctional reasoning makes their explanation irrational, causing a delusional belief.

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13
Q

Dysfunctional mental processes cause delusions.
Due to dysfunctional

A

Dysfunctional mental processes cause delusions.
Due to dysfunctional attention , patients tend to overfocus on irrelevant details and coincidences. This makes the coincidences feel more important than they really are.
$$

When the patient tries to explain why all these coincidences are happening, their explanation is irrational, because of their dysfunctional reasoning , causing a delusional belief.

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14
Q

What does dysfunctional attention cause people with schizophrenia to do?

A

Overfocus on pretty normal, irrelevant things.

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15
Q

According to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the first step in how dysfunctional processes cause hallucinations?

A

BDue to dysfunctional attention, people overfocus on things that they imagine.

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16
Q

According to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the second step in how dysfunctional processes cause hallucinations?

A

DOver focussing on imagined events causes the imagined events to begin to feel real.

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17
Q

According to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the first step in how dysfunctional processes lead to negative symptoms?

A

Patients start to become overwhelmed by their abnormal experiences, hallucinations or delusions.

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18
Q

According to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the second step in how dysfunctional processes lead to negative symptoms?

A

Patients want to avoid their abnormal experiences, hallucinations or delusions.

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19
Q

According to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the third/final step in how dysfunctional processes lead to negative symptoms?

A

Patients isolate themselves from the outside world.

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20
Q

Ziad’s family are concerned about him. He has started collecting local newspaper cuttings about violence, which he says seems to always occur in his local area, mainly by males. He concludes that violent crimes occur because there are too many males living in the area. He now thinks that any male he comes across in the local area will assault him.
$$

Question
$2.$
2. With reference to Ziad, explain how dysfunctional reasoning contributes to delusions.

A

Ziad has focussed on certain details about crimes in the newspapers, and because he has dysfunctional reasoning, he has explained the links between these crimes in an irrational way. He has jumped to the conclusion that all males in his local area are violent and commit crimes, and his persecution bias has left him thinking that he will be attacked by any male living locally, which is not rational reasoning.

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21
Q

According to the cognitive explanation, why do patients suffer from negative symptoms?

A

Patients become overwhelmed by their abnormal experiences, so they isolate themselves from the outside world in order to avoid them.

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22
Q

Explain the similarities and differences between the cognitive explanations for delusions and hallucinations.

A

Hallucinations are when people with schizophrenia overfocus on things that they imagined, whereas delusions cause people with schizophrenia to focus on small irrelevant details and coincidences in real events. Dysfunctional attention and reasoning cause delusions, whereas hallucinations are caused just by dysfunctional attention. Dysfunctional attention is when people with schizophrenia overfocus on something.

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23
Q

Dysfunctional mental processes?

A

Information processing that does not represent reality accurately and produces undireable consequences

24
Q

Since the dysfunctional mental processes existed before the participants displayed symptoms of schizophrenia, this suggests that there may be a

A

Since the dysfunctional mental processes existed before the participants displayed symptoms of schizophrenia, this suggests that there may be a cause and effect relationship.

25
Q

O’Carroll reviewed studies that investigated mental dysfunction. Which of the following statements about this research is correct?

A

AHe reviewed studies on people with schizophrenia.

BHe reviewed studies on people who were at risk of developing schizophrenia.

75% of people had dysfunctional though process

26
Q

What did O’Carroll’s studies show?

A

Dysfunctional mental processes may cause the symptoms of schizophrenia.

27
Q

Gottesman and Shields found that the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins was

A

Gottesman and Shields found that the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins was 74
%.


They also found that the concordance rate for schizophrenia in dizygotic twins was 24%

28
Q

There are medical drugs that can reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia, called

A

antipsychotics , which decrease dopamine activity.

29
Q

Which of the following illustrates one limitation of the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia?

A

It does not account for the role of biological factors in schizophrenia.

30
Q

What is the name of the researcher that conducted a review on the cognitive processes of patients with schizophrenia?

A

: O’Carroll.

31
Q

Which of the following statements are true about O’Carroll’s research?

A

EO’Carroll found that patients with dysfunctional mental processes had those dysfunctions before they showed other symptoms of schizophrenia.

FThe study suggests a cause and effect relationship between dysfunctional mental processes, and the symptoms of schizophrenia.
CThe study found that
$75\%$
75 % of patients with schizophrenia showed dysfunctional mental processes.

32
Q

Why does the use of antipsychotic drugs show a limitation of the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotic drugs are effective in reducing symptoms. This indicates that biological factors are involved in the development of schizophrenia, but the cognitive explanation doesn’t explain this.

33
Q

In psychopathology there is a treatment based on the cognitive approach to psychology. What is this treatment called?

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

34
Q

What is the main aim of CBT?

A

To challenge patients’ irrational beliefs and thought processes.

35
Q

What is the first step of CBT for schizophrenia?

A

Explanation.

36
Q

What is the second step of CBT for schizophrenia?

A

Normalisation.

37
Q

Which of the following statements is true of CBT?

A

CBT aims to treat the dysfunctional thought processes that the patient is having.

CBT challenges and corrects the biases in reasoning that cause the symptoms of schizophrenia.

38
Q

Select the correct response that matches the CBT step, with the order it comes in…
Challenging: The doctor challenges beliefs and experiences.

You got it! Splendid!

Alternative explanations: The patient is asked to develop alternative explanations for beliefs and experiences.

You got it! Spectacular!

Normalisation: The doctor normalises the patient’s experiences.

You got it! Spectacular!

Explanation: The patient describes their experiences and beliefs.

A

3
4
2
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39
Q

identify and explain the fourth step of CBT. Use Laurie as an example of how this step would occur in therapy.

A

The fourth step of CBT is suggesting alternative explanations for the patient’s experiences. This is when the patient is asked to develop alternative explanations for their beliefs and experiences. For Laurie, this might involve him realising and accepting that the medication from the doctor has effective drugs in it, and not poison. Also that when he is sitting at his desk writing, that it is not for the government, but for himself.

40
Q

What method was used in the studies in the NICE review?

A

CLaboratory experiments.

DIndependent groups design

41
Q

Which of the following statements are true about the methods used in the NICE study?

A

CNICE conducted a review of studies.

DNICE compared the use of CBT combined with medical drugs, to medical drugs alone.

42
Q

Which of the following statements are true about the results from the NICE study?

A

Treatments with CBT were found to reduce the likelihood of a patient relapsing and having to go back into hospital.
Treatments with CBT were found to be more effective at reducing symptoms of schizophrenia.

43
Q

Not assigning participants randomly to groups is a problem, because it means that the studies couldn’t control

A

Not assigning participants randomly to groups is a problem, because it means that the studies couldn’t control participant variables that might have influenced the patient’s behaviour.

44
Q

Participant variables in the study might have led to factors that effect the results, in a similar way to how the independent variable effects the results. What are these factors called?

A

confounding variables

45
Q

If researchers know which group the participants had been in, the researchers are not

A

If researchers know which group the participants had been in, the researchers are not blind to the experimental group.

46
Q

One limitation of the research supporting CBT is that the studies aren’t all well-designed. Which of the following is a problem of these studies?

A

DStudies may have suffered from confounding variables.

EResearchers may have lacked objectivity.

47
Q

Weyeks et al review

A

Showed that people CBT wasn’t more effective when conducted with a better experimental design

48
Q

What is an advantage of antipsychotic drugs?

A

AThey are less expensive than CBT.

BThey are easier to give to patients than CBT.

49
Q

What is a limitation of CBT?

A

It requires lots of expensive sessions, which are usually one-to-one with a therapist

50
Q

Why is the cost of CBT a problem?

A

It limits the availability of the treatment.

51
Q

Explain what the NICE review found, and what conclusion they were able to make.

A

NICE found that treatments that included CBT were more effective at reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, compared to drugs alone. When patients were given CBT, they were also less likely to display a severe relapse of symptoms, and have to go back into hospital. This indicates that combining medication with CBT is more effective than just taking standard medication.

52
Q

What is one strength of the NICE review?

A

The studies included used laboratory experiments, which have high levels of control and high validity.

53
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of the NICE review?

A

DNot all of the researchers were blind to which participants were in the experimental group.

Not all of these studies used random allocation to assign participants to groups.

54
Q

Why is a lack of random allocation a problem in the NICE research?

A

This is a problem because it means that the studies couldn’t control participant variables that might have influenced the patient’s behaviour. For example, it’s possible that the patients given CBT and medication already had less severe symptoms than the group given medication. This means that there might have been confounding variables that influenced the results of the study, making CBT seem more effective than it really is.

55
Q

Which of the following is correct about the cost of CBT?

A

It is expensive because it usually takes lots of therapy sessions, and treatment is done individually.

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