social influences dates of studies Flashcards
When was aschs study what year?
1951
Who argued that the Stanford prison experiment lacked realism?
Banuazizi and Mohavedi
Low validity milligram who was it and what was said?
Low Validity - Orne & Holland. Participants could guess the study. Demand characteristics.
High external validity milligrams who and what was said?
High External validity - Hofling et al. Nurses administering drugs after being told by doctors. Milgram’s findings apply to other situations.
Smith and bond what was it which study?
Smith and Bond said that these variations were only applied across western developed societies so it cannot be said these results apply universally, they just aren’t limited to the USA.
Blass and schmidt what year what was it about?
Blass & Schmidt (2001) showed a clip of Milgram’s study to ppts. Ppts stated that the harm done to the learner was the experimenter’s fault and the responsibility was due to the legitimacy of authority - the experimenter is at the top of the hierarchy and also an expert. Legitimacy of authority is given as a reason for obedience, supporting this explanation.
Kilnab abd mann what was it?
Kilham & Mann found in Australia only 16% went to 450v, whereas in Germany Mantell found an 86% obedience.
This shows how in some cultures authority is more likely to seen as legitimate and accepted. This reflects the different ways in which societies are structured and how children are raised to accept authority - supportive cross cultural findings increase ecological validity of the explanation.
Adorno et al what year was it and what was it?
Adorno et al. (1950) - causes of the obedient personality. 2000 middle class white Americans -studied unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups. Used the F-Scale to measure the authoritarian personality. High scorers on the F-scale identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak, conscious of their own status, showing excessive respect to those of a higher status. Very black and white with high levels of prejudice and stereotypes beliefs.
When was gamson et all and what was it about?
Evidence for the role of dissenters in resisting obedience (Gamson et al. 1982). PPTs were in groups - found higher levels of resistance than Milgram - 88% rebelled. Shows there is a link between peer support and resistance.
Allen and Levine what was it?
Conformity decreased when a dissenter was present in an Asch-type study. Even when the dissenter wore thick glasses and claimed to have bad vision. Shows that it is not the presence of another answer that causes resistance, but the dissenter allows us to be free of pressure.
When was Holland on LOC
Holland 1967
Reaped the milligram study
When was Rotter LOC?
1982
Suggested the LoC only comes into play in novel situations. In familiar situations past experiences may be more important. This means that people who have conformed or obey in specific situations are likely to do so again. It suggests that locus of control can explain only a limited range of situations - maybe not as important as first thought.
