Psychodynamic Explanation of Gender Atypical Gender Development

Question 1

Describe all the sexual stages

Answer 1

The first psychosexual stage is the oral stage, where the urge for instant gratification is focused on the mouth . It lasts from birth to 18 or eighteen months.
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The second psychosexual stage is the anal stage, where the urge for instant gratification is focused on the anus . It lasts until the age of 3 or three .
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The third psychosexual stage is the phallic stage, where the urge for instant gratification is focused on the penis . It lasts until the age of 6 or six .
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The fourth psychosexual stage is the latent stage, where the impulses of the id are no longer focused on just one part of the body – so in effect, they are hidden. It lasts until the age of 12 or twelve .
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The fifth psychosexual stage is the genital stage, where the urge for instant gratification is focused on the reproductive organs. Like the latent stage, the genital stage does not involve fixations , and it lasts for the rest of adult life.

Question 2

The phliac stage is where?

Answer 2

Also, as we’ve seen, the phallic stage is where girls develop an Electra complex and boys develop an Oedipus complex.

Question 3

What does freud call what boys are afaird of?

Answer 3

Freud calls this castration anxiety

Question 4

Summary of boys sexual unresolved?

Answer 4

During the Oedipus Complex, boys are sexually attracted to their mothers , and so hate their fathers because they feel like they have to compete with them for their mothers’ attention.
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They want to kill their fathers, but know their fathers are stronger, so fear they will be overpowered and castrated .
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This sexual desire, hatred and fear are all repressed, but not resolved, which leads to a crisis .

Question 5

The next psychosexual stage, where the libido is hidden, is called the ?

Answer 5

Latent stage.

Question 6

According to Freud, the Oedipus Complex presents a

Answer 6

According to Freud, the Oedipus Complex presents a crisis , which is resolved when boys accept that their fathers are stronger and decide to identify with their fathers instead of killing them.
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This allows boys to keep their libio repressed throughout the latent stage, until the genital stage, when they redirect their sexual desire for their mothers onto girlfriends .

Question 7

To sum up, according to the psychodynamic explanation of gender, boys develop the male gender by?

Answer 7

gender, boys develop the male gender by?
To sum up, according to the psychodynamic explanation of gender, boys develop the male gender by internalising their fathers’ masculine attitudes and behaviours, including the superego, which Freud thought was an essential component of the male gender.

Question 8

When Anna reaches the phallic stage, she becomes aware that she doesn’t have a penis and experiences…

Answer 8

Penis envy.

Question 9

According to the psychodynamic explanation of gender, girls develop the female gender by?

Answer 9

ccording to the psychodynamic explanation of gender, girls develop the female gender by internalising their mothers’ feminine attitudes and behaviours.
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And, an essential component of the female gender is converting penis envy into the desire for a child or baby .
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Finally, girls redirect their desire for their own fathers onto their boyfriends

Question 10

According to Freud, girls’ resolution of the phallic stage, and therefore their gender identity, is weaker for two reasons.

Answer 10

Firstly, the status of women in society is lower, so girls have less reason to identify with their mothers than boys have to identify with their fathers. 



Secondly, girls believe they have already been castrated , so they have less to fear than boys. 



This leads to weaker internalisation of femininity, a weaker super-ego or super ego , and therefore a weaker morality.

Question 11

Complete the following to show the three limitations of the Little Hans case study?

Answer 11

The case study might not generalise to other children.
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$2.$
2. The study uses the self-report method, and so doesn’t involve any objective or empirical evidence.
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$3.$
3. Finally, the case study doesn’t test cause and effect

Question 12

There are some serious limitations to the psychodynamic explanation of gender development.

Answer 12

There are some serious limitations to the psychodynamic explanation of gender development.
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Firstly, because Freud’s methods were idiographic, they don’t test cause and effect, and therefore his conclusions may not generalise .
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Secondly, Freud did not support his conclusions with objective, empirical evidence, but only the case study of Little Hans or Hans .
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Finally, the subject of this case study probably only had castration anxiety because his mother explicitly threatened to have his penis cut off when he was three and a half.

Question 13

Friedman conducted an experiment in which?

Answer 13

Friedman conducted an experiment in which 300 children were asked to finish stories. The children made up sadder endings when the mother joined halfway through a father-daughter activity or when the father joined a mother-son activity. Friedman thought that this study supported the Oedipus and Electra Complexes because it suggested that children have more attraction to their opposite -sex parent, and more negative feelings towards their same -sex parent.

Question 14

Malinowski’s study found and elaborate ?

Answer 14

Freud claimed that boys hate their fathers because of sexual jealousy over their mothers.

Friedman claimed that boys’ negative reactions to their fathers supports Freud’s view.
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However, Malinowski’s study found that boys hate their uncles, who are responsible for punishing them, not their fathers, in the Trobriand Islands.
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Question 15

During the phallic stage, the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex both lead to crises. how do children solve this

Answer 15

Children resolve their crises and move on to from the phallic stage to the latent stage by
identifying with their same-sex parent, internalising their attitudes, super-ego and gender role.

Freud claimed that normal gender development required a crisis during the phallic stage, in which a child is sexually attracted to one parent and hates the other.
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On the other hand, if children don’t go through this crisis and resolve it in this way, Freud claimed that they would be unable to move beyond the phallic stage and

Question 16

Freud claimed that normal gender development required a crisi

Answer 16

Freud claimed that normal gender development required a crisis during the phallic stage, in which a child is sexually attracted to one parent and hates the other.
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On the other hand, if children don’t go through this crisis and resolve it in this way, Freud claimed that they would be unable to move beyond the phallic stage and internalise or develop a gender.
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As a result of this, Freud believed that they were likely to become homosexual .

Question 17

Freud suggested that without going through a crisis

Answer 17

Freud suggested that without going through a crisis
where we feel sexual desire for one parent and hatred of the other, we cannot successfully resolve the phallic stage and internalise a gender.

Question 18

snortum et al’s 1969

Answer 18

snortum et al’s 1969 study provides nomothetic support for Freud’s claims by finding that gay men are more likely to report having close, controlling mothers and distant , rejecting fathers.
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However, hundreds of correlational studies find no link between homosexuality and absent fathers, or mothers.

Question 19

The term “socially-sensitive research” is applied to research linked to a controversial social issue. We use the word “sensitive” to refer to this type of research, because…

Answer 19

Bof the risk of harming society as a whole.

Cof the risk of harming groups within society, such as women or ethnic minorities.

Dof the risk of harming those involved in the research.

Question 20

freud androcentric bias

Answer 20

For example, he thought that because girls lack castration anxiety, they couldn’t resolve the phallic stage, identify with their mothers, and internalise the female gender as well as boys could.

Question 21

The psychodynamic explanation of gender is socially sensitive for at least two reasons:

Answer 21

Firstly, because by explaining homosexuality as a disease, it strengthened prejudices which harmed gay people.
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Secondly, because by claiming that women are morally inferior, it lent credibility to prejudices against women.

Question 22

When a person feels distress or anxiety because their gender identity doesn’t match their biological sex, we call it…

Answer 22

Gender dysphoria

Question 23

And when people with gender dysphoria live according to their gender identity, we say they are…

Answer 23

transgender

Question 24

The social learning theory explanation of gender says

Answer 24

The social learning theory explanation of gender says that we learn gender-appropriate behaviour by observing and imitating the behaviour of models of the same sex.

Question 25

According to social learning theory explanation of atypical gender development, if people closely identify with a

Answer 25

According to social learning theory explanation of atypical gender development, if people closely identify with a model of opposite gender and are reinforced for imitating them, then they develop a gender identity of the opposite gender, which causes gender dysphoria.

Question 26

Zucker et al conducted interviews with

Answer 26

115 boys who were unhappy with their gender, and also interviewed their mothers .
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Of the boys who were diagnosed with gender dysphoria, 64
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% had very close relationships to their mothers.

Question 27

Zucker study was what type of study

Answer 27

Ba non-experimental study

Zucker’s project wasn’t an experimental study and didn’t include a control group, so it couldn’t establish a…
: Cause and effect relationship.

Question 28

Studies like Zucker’s are non-experimental, which means they…

Answer 28

Dcannot establish cause and effect

Bdo not manipulate independent variables

Question 29

The are typically differences between the brains of men and women in…

Answer 29

Bthe level of lateralisation

Cthe size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus

Question 30

List the three types of factors that biological explanations include.

Answer 30

You needed to say the following: Neural.
You also needed to say the following: Hormonal.
You also needed to say the following: Genetic.

Question 31

According to brain-sex theory, people with gender dysphoria have brains that resemble the brain of the opposite sex, for example, in the size of the…

Answer 31

BSTc.

Question 32

Kruijver looked at the brains of transgender women, in other words…

Answer 32

Fand lived as women

Dand who identified as women

Apeople who were born biologically male

Question 33

According to brain-sex theory…

Answer 33

Fthe BSTc of a male-to-female trans person has a small** number of neurons

Dthe BSTc of a woman has a small number of neurons

Athe BSTc of a man has a large number of neurons

Question 34

We’ve seen some problems with post-mortem examinations.

Answer 34

CIt is hard to control confounding, or extraneous variables, like medication, which might also have affected the brain.

AOne weakness is that we don’t know when the brain abnormality occurred, making it difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship.

Question 35

Kruijver et al conducted

Answer 35

Kruijver et al conducted post mortem examinations, to find out the number of neurons in the BSTc.
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He found that male-to-female trans women have smaller neurons in the BSTc than men usually do, which supports brain-sex theory.
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However, since we do not know when this difference occurred, and there could be confounding variables, we cannot establish cause and effect.

Question 36

Chung et al found that the BSTc

Answer 36

Chung et al found that the BSTc
Kruijver et al’s study showed that male-to-female trans people have a BSTc that is smaller than it typically is in males.
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However, this difference is probably an effect or result of gender dysphoria, rather than a cause .
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For example, Chung et al found that the BSTc only becomes larger in men in adulthood , whereas gender dysphoria tends to develop in early childhood.

Hormonal factors might cause both
Hormonal factors might cause both gender dysphoria and the neural similarities between people with gender dysphoria and people of the gender they identify with.
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But most research focuses on the genes that control these hormones

Question 37

Van Beijsterveldt et al. found evidence that genes are a significant factor in

Answer 37

Van Beijsterveldt et al. found evidence that genes are a significant factor in rates of cross-dressing behaviour.
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Furthermore, it’s possible that genes may be a significant factor in atypical gender development.
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For example, the long allele of the androgen receptor gene leads to less testosterone production.
Higher corcnadance rate for MZ twins than DZ twins for cross dressing

Question 38

Hare et al. found that

Answer 38

Hare et al. found that male -to-female trans people were slightly more likely to have the long androgen receptor gene.
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However, this does not show that genes cause atypical gender development because it was a correlational study .

Question 39

Women with CAH typically…

Answer 39

Dshow more masculine behaviours

Bhave more masculine bodies

Question 40

Summary of all the alleles gene studies support

Answer 40

Hare et al found that male-to-female trans people were slightly more likely to have the long allele of the androgen receptor gene, which results in lower levels of testosterone.
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Dessens et al found that females with a genetic condition called CAH , which results in higher levels of testosterone , were more likely to experience gender dysphoria.
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However, Dessens et al found that 95% of females with CAH happily identified as females, despite their condition.

Dessens et al found
Dessens et al found that females with a genetic condition called CAH , which results in higher levels of testosterone , were more likely to experience gender dysphoria.
However, Dessens et al found that 95% of females with CAH happily identified as females, despite their condition.