cultural stuff unlearn

Question 1

The scientific approach to psychology involves applying the ______ method, to study _______ relationships.

Answer 1

The scientific approach to psychology involves applying the scientific or experimental method, to study cause and effect relationships.

Question 2

What is it called when theories try to generalise, in a way that applies to everyone?

Answer 2

ANomothetic approach.

Question 3

If a researcher argues that, in general, exercise improves mental performance, they are claiming universality because they are claiming that their theory applies to

Answer 3

If a researcher argues that, in general, exercise improves mental performance, they are claiming universality because they are claiming that their theory applies to everyone or all people .

Question 4

When researchers misrepresent the differences between men and women, it’s called…

Answer 4

gender bias

Question 5

Universality is when…

Answer 5

Ba theory of behaviour applies to everyone.

Question 6

It is difficult to come up with universal theories of behaviour because there are important______ between cultures.

Answer 6

differences

Question 7

When researchers misrepresent the differences between cultures, it’s called…

Answer 7

cultural bias

Question 8

When someone focuses on their own cultural perspective, we call it .
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Sometimes, this also involves assuming that their own cultural perspective is correct, or more , and sometimes seeing the social practises of other cultures as .

Answer 8

When someone focuses on their own cultural perspective, we call it ethnocentrism .
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Sometimes, this also involves assuming that their own cultural perspective is correct, or more important , and sometimes seeing the social practises of other cultures as abnormal or inferior or worse or wrong or incorrect .

Question 9

When psychology research lacks validity or reliability due to ethnocentrism, we say that the research suffers from .
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And this might be because the researchers ignored other cultures completely…
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Or because the researchers studied other cultures, but without understanding their .

Answer 9

When psychology research lacks validity or reliability due to ethnocentrism, we say that the research suffers from ethnocentric bias .
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And this might be because the researchers ignored other cultures completely…
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Or because the researchers studied other cultures, but without understanding their cultural perspective .

Question 10

An obedience researcher tested a bunch of British participants and assumed that participants from other cultures would behave in the same way. But, due to cultural differences, the results may not…

Answer 10

Generalise to all cultures, generalise.

Question 11

An obedience researcher tested a bunch of British participants and assumed that participants from other cultures would behave in the same way. But, due to cultural differences, the results may not generalise to all cultures, and this means that the results may lack…

Answer 11

Bexternal validity.

Dexternal reliability.

Question 12

First, experiments may lack external and , because the results may not generalise to other .

Answer 12

Validity and realiblity cultures

Question 13

Second, ethnocentric standards for ‘normal behaviour’ mean that people from other cultures might be with psychological conditions, because they are seen to be behaving .

Answer 13

Second, ethnocentric standards for ‘normal behaviour’ mean that people from other cultures might be misdiagnosed with psychological conditions, because they are seen to be behaving abnormally .

Question 14

Finally, seeing other cultures as ‘abnormal’ may lead to…

Answer 14

Aother cultures being devalued.

Bharmful stereotypes.

Question 15

The Strange Situation experiment was conducted by…

Answer 15

Ainsworth

Question 16

Mary Ainsworth found in the Strange Situation that the most common attachment style was…

Answer 16

Asecure attachment.

Question 17

All of Ainsworth’s participants were middle-class American mothers, which means that the results may not generalise to different cultures, because there are cultural _______ in attachment.

Answer 17

All of Ainsworth’s participants were middle-class American mothers, which means that the results may not generalise to different cultures, because there are cultural differences in attachment

Question 18

Additional research has shown that babies from these collectivist cultures are more likely to have an insecure resistant attachment style. So, Ainsworth’s attachment research displayed

Answer 18

Additional research has shown that babies from these collectivist cultures are more likely to have an insecure resistant attachment style. So, Ainsworth’s attachment research displayed ethnocentric bias .

Question 19

Here, the method for making observations…

Answer 19

Djudges babies from other cultures by the standards of Western social norms.

Elacks reliability.

Flacks validity.

Gsuffers from ethnocentric bias.

Afocuses on the Western cultural perspective of child behaviour.

Question 20

Asch’s conformity experiment and Milgram’s obedience experiment involved only American participants, but claimed universality. So, these studies displayed

Answer 20

Asch’s conformity experiment and Milgram’s obedience experiment involved only American participants, but claimed universality. So, these studies displayed ethnocentric bias .

Question 21

These experiments involved ethnocentric bias, because…

Answer 21

Cthey assumed that people from other cultures would behave like Americans.

Question 22

One example of ethnocentric bias is Mary ’s research on styles.

Answer 22

One example of ethnocentric bias is Mary Ainsworth ’s research on attachment styles.

Question 23

One example of ethnocentric bias is Mary Ainsworth’s research on attachment styles, because…

Answer 23

Cbabies in collectivist cultures have different attachment styles from Americans.

Ashe assumed babies from other cultures would behave in the same way.

Question 24

The validity or reliability of a study into memory is affected by misrepresentation of the differences between cultures.

Answer 24

Ethnocentric bias.

Question 25

Freud based his research on male participants and made assumptions about females from it.

Answer 25

Freud based his research on male participants and made assumptions about females from it.

Question 26

Question
$4$
. Which of the following measures could Dr. Freebury’s colleague take to improve the study?

Answer 26

CReconsider the behavioural categories from other cultural perspectives.

Question 27

Question
$5$
. What are the consequences of ethnocentrism on validity

Answer 27

BEthnocentrism may mean that results are not generalisable to other cultures, which reduces external validity.

CEthnocentrism may mean that research does not accurately measure the factors it intends to measure, which decreases internal validity.

Question 28

Lydia is studying psychology at university and is studying the perception of sound. She recruits participants from her university, and plays them combinations of different noises, like those of blenders and handheld drills, and asks participants whether the sounds are tuneful. She concludes that the human ear finds combinations of noises 520 hertz apart most tuneful. Her lecturer commented in her feedback that her research lacks validity because of ethnocentrism. 

Question
$6$
. Explain what is meant by ethnocentric bias, with reference to this scenario.

Answer 28

Ethnocentric bias is when psychology research lacks validity or reliability as a result of focusing on one culture. In this scenario, Lydia did not consider that other cultures are attuned to different musical scales. For example, the Arab tone system uses quarter notes. So Lydia’s conclusion that her results generalise to all humans may lack validity. Because this lack of validity would be the result of ethnocentrism, this would be a case of ethnocentric bias.

Question 29

If a researcher is studying minority influence among women, that’s not cultural relativism because…

Answer 29

Dthey’re studying the behaviour of women across all cultures, rather than understanding behaviour from the perspective of one specific culture.

Question 30

Which of these involves cultural relativism?

Answer 30

AA researcher in Chile is studying how Chilean students might cheat in exams.The exam hall is covered in posters reminding the students not to cheat, and the students can see the investigator sitting in the corner of the room.

An investigator in America decides to study how American people behave when they see a crime happen in the street.

Question 31

Cultural relativism is the idea that…

Answer 31

Bbehaviours must be understood from the perspective of a specific culture.

Question 32

Ethnocentric bias is…

Answer 32

Bwhen research lacks validity or reliability because researchers focus on their own cultural perspective.

Question 33

Ethnocentric bias often involves researchers assuming that…

Answer 33

Cthe behaviours of their own culture are “normal”.

Dthe behaviours of other cultures are abnormal.

Question 34

Ethnocentrism can lead to…

Answer 34

Cnegative stereotypes about other cultures.

Aother cultures being devalued.

Question 35

Cultural relativism prevents prejudice and discrimination, because it values all cultures . It assumes that no one culture is ______ and it doesn’t see other cultures as ______

Answer 35

Cultural relativism prevents prejudice and discrimination, because it values all cultures equally or the same . It assumes that no one culture is normal and it doesn’t see other cultures as abnormal

Question 36

According to cultural relativism, the researcher must not claim that her findings are universal, because…

Answer 36

Athere may be cultural variations.

Question 37

Cultural relativism may lead to…

Answer 37

Alpha bias

Question 38

A second limitation of cultural relativism is that it can ignore differences within a culture, which is a form of

Answer 38

A second limitation of cultural relativism is that it can ignore differences within a culture, which is a form of beta bias.

Question 39

One strength of cultural relativism is that it prevents bias.

Answer 39

One strength of cultural relativism is that it prevents ethnocentric bias.

Question 40

Two limitations of cultural relativism are that it

Answer 40

Two limitations of cultural relativism are that it exaggerates or emphasises or overstates or overplays differences between cultures, and ignores or minimises or forgets or downplays differences within a culture.

Question 41

We’ve seen that Asch’s conformity research involves ethnocentric bias, because…

Answer 41

Dit claims universality.

Eit lacks population validity.

Bit assumes that all other cultures would conform in the same way as Americans.

Question 42

Cross-cultural research involves…

Answer 42

Dresearchers from a number of different cultures, to minimise the risk of ethnocentric bias.
Bresearch being carried out in different cultures, to see if theories generalise, or if there are cultural variations.

Question 43

An individual’s behaviours and cognitions must be understood in terms of that person’s own culture.

Answer 43

Cultural relativism

Question 44

When research is carried out in different cultures, to see whether results are the same everywhere, or are influenced by cultural factors.

Answer 44

cross cultural research