gender bless up

Question 1

deference between biology influence of gender compared to psychologist

Answer 1

• Genetically – by differing sex chromosomes.
• Physiologically – by differing sex hormones.

Question 2

Nature of Gender: Our Culture

what is gender roles

Answer 2

• Gender roles – we see cultures shaping power in gender roles.
• Gender roles are the expectations that guide men and women’s behaviour.
• A role refers to a cluster of prescribed actions. It is the behaviours we expect of people who are of a particular social position.

Question 3

what are gender roles

Answer 3

• Gender roles are the expectations that guide men and women’s behaviour.

Question 4

how do we learn to be male or female

Answer 4

• SLT assumes that children acquire this identity by observing and imitating others gender linked behaviours and being either punished or rewarded for acting in certain ways (vicarious reinforcement).
• After comparing themselves with the concept of gender they will adjust their behaviour accordingly.
• These rigid boy/girl stereotypes peak at the age 5 or 6.
• For some, comparing themselves with culture concepts of gender produce confusion. Transgender people’s gender identify differ from their birth sex.

Question 5

at what age do the rigid boy/girl stereotypes peak

Answer 5

age 5 or 6

Question 6

• Sex

Answer 6

the biological differences between males and females including chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.

Question 7

• Gender:

Answer 7

: the psychological, social, and cultural differences between boys/men and girls/women including attitudes, behaviors, and social roles.

Question 8

• Sex-role stereotypes:

Answer 8

: a set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected or appropriate for men and women in each society or social group.

Question 9

Androgyny

Answer 9

• Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Question 10

Bem’s Sex Role Inventory

Answer 10

• Scale presents 20 characteristics that would be commonly defined as ‘masculine’ (competitive and aggressive) and 20 that would be commonly defined as ‘feminine’ (tender and gentle). 20 neutral traits also existed.
• Respondents were required to rate themselves on a seven-point scale for each item (1 = always true, 7= always not true). Scores were then classified based on two dimensions (masculinity-femininity and androgynous – undifferentiated) as follows:

Question 11

Bem sex role inventory results

Answer 11

• High masculine, low feminine = masculine.
• High feminine, low masculine = feminine.
• High masculine, high feminine = androgynous.
• Low feminine, low masculine = undifferentiated.

Question 12

Bem’s Sex Role Inventory

Answer 12

• Bem found that androgyny is associated with psychological wellbeing. This is because individuals who are both masculine and feminine are better equipped to a range of situations/more adaptable.
• It is worth noting that an over-representation of opposite-gender characteristics does not qualify as androgyny. A woman who shows very masculine traits or vice versa, does not exhibit the necessary balance for androgyny.
• Ladettes: woman with extreme masculine traits.
• Metrosexuals: men with extreme feminine traits.

Question 13

evaluation of bed sex role investory quantitative approach

Answer 13

• Data is recorded quantitatively, useful for research purposes when it is necessary, e.g., to quantify a dependent variable.
• However, Spence (1984) argues that there is more to gender than a set of behaviors typical of one gender, so qualitative methods offer a better way of analysing data.
• One compromise is to combine the different scales, like the personal attribute questionnaire adds another dimension to Bem’s masculinity-femininity dimension.

Question 14

evaluation of bed sex role inventory valid and reliable

Answer 14

• Scale developed by asking 50 males and 50 female judges to rate 200 traits on maleness and femaleness. Highest scoring traits became the 20 on each side. The BSRI was then piloted with over 1000 students and the results broadly corresponded with the participants own description of their gender identity, demonstrating validity.

Question 15

evaluation of bed sex role inventory self awareness

Answer 15

• One limitation of the BSRI is that people may not have insight into their degree of masculinity, femininity or androgyny.
• Asking people to rate themselves on a questionnaire relies on people understanding their personality or behaviour, and some may not have that. Gender is a social construct which may be more open to interpretation than, say sex.
• Questionnaires scoring system is also subjective and people’s application of the 7-point scale may differ.
• BSRI may not be an objective, scientific way of assessing gender.

Question 16

evaluation of bed sex role inventory temporal vadlity

Answer 16

• Nowadays, traits that are masculine or feminine may not be the case anymore.
• Results may not be generalizable across the modern population

Question 17

evolution of the bee sex role inventory androgyny and well being

Answer 17

• Within her research, Bern placed great emphasis on the idea that androgynous individuals are more psychologically healthy as they are best placed to deal with situations that demand a specific gender response.
• This assumption has been challenged. Some researchers have argued that people who develop a greater proportion of masculine traits are better adjusted as these are more highly valued in individualist cultures (Adams and Sherer 1985).