Social Explanations of Gender The Influence of Culture and Media on Gender Roles Flashcards
Briefly explain the difference between vicarious reinforcement and direct reinforcement.
Vicarious reinforcement is when someone witnesses another person being rewarded for their behaviour and is therefore more likely to imitate that behaviour. Direct reinforcement is when someone is rewarded for their own behaviour, and is therefore more likely to repeat it.
Briefly outline the study that Perry and Bussey conducted in 1979. Include details about the method they used.
Perry and Bussey’s participants were a group of boys and girls aged around 9 years old. The children were shown a film of male and female models choosing between pairs of similar items. Afterwards, the children were asked to choose between the same pairs of items.
Briefly outline two limitations of studies into the effect of media on gender stereotypes.
One limitation is that these studies tend to be natural experiments, so participants cannot be randomly allocated into groups. This means the studies are more likely to be affected by confounding variables.
A second limitation is that these days, most people have at least some access to television. This means it is hard to find a control group.
What does social learning theory state
Social learning theory states that social norms about gender are affected by culture . They are passed down through generations by observation and imitation .
Explain why the findings of Williams and Best challenge the theory that culture affects gender roles.
Williams and Best found that there were more similarities than differences in gender roles between different cultures.
Harry begins to feel that the attitudes of society are correct meaning that he has…
Binternalised these attitudes.
Perry and Bussey’s study supports the idea of…
identification with models of the same gender.
Which of the following are true about Perry and Bussey’s study
They showed their participants a film of models of different genders choosing between two items.
Participants then chose between the same items.
FThey found that participants preferred whichever item was chosen by models of the same gender in the film.
Fagot and Leinbach
AFagot and Leinbach conducted a longitudinal study.
BFagot and Leinbach conducted a correlational study.
CThey found that 4-year-old children are more likely to behave in gender stereotyped ways if their parents do too.
DThey found a positive correlation between the behaviour of the parents and the behaviour of their children.
Martin et al.’s study suggests that gendered behaviour is influenced by…
direct instructions about what is “for boys” or “for girls”.
Martin et al found that
Boys and girls preferred and were likely to pick toys that were labeled for their own gender
One limitation of the social learning theory explanation of gender is that…
Dit can’t explain how new social norms about gender are created.
McGhee and Frueh…
Cused a series of short stories to investigate children’s gender stereotypes.
Which of the following are limitations of natural experiments
It is difficult to control extraneous variables.
Participants cannot be randomly allocated to groups.
Factors like family structure and the communities people live in are examples of extraneous variables, which might also be
So therefore hard to establish cause and effect
Which of these are limitations of studies into the effect of TV on gendered behaviour
BIt is often impossible to randomly allocate participants to groups.
CIt is difficult to establish a control group.
DThere may be confounding variables that are difficult to control.
