History Unit 11 The Growth of Cities Flashcards
Bessemer process
Invented in the 1850s Process causes imprinting to be removed from steel -creates lightweight steel -easier to use -Carnegie masters production -used for skyscrapers , bridges etc
How did American cities begin to expand after the civil war
Vertically and horizontally
The Bessemer Process, electric elevators, transformation, industrial jobs
Electric Elevators
-invented in Germany (1880)
Elisha Otis invents the “safety elevator”
Breaking system in case trials
Transformation
As city population expands, commuters heed mass transportations
Electric trolleys
Subways (Boston 1897)
Mass transportation creates city districts divided by business type, race, ethnicity, and social class
Industrial Jobs
Immigrants flock to US looking for jobs in industry
Roughly 30 million enter the US by 1900
What were the cities like at the time
In 1860 US had no cities with 1 million people
By 1890, 3 cities surpassed 1 million
NYC 1900-3.5 million
Problems with industrial cities
Pickpockets, prostitutes, etc
Sanitation
Dumbbell tenaments
Fire
Sanitation
Farms produced little to no waste Pigs eat scraps/garbage City dwellers produce huge amounts of garbage (who cleans it up?) Indoor plumbing / waste removal Animal droppings
Dumbbell Tenaments
Cheap housing rented by many immigrant families 7-8 stories high Air shafts for ventilitation Several families per floor -shared bathrooms -disease spreads more rapidly
Fire
1871 Chicago Fire 300 dead 2/3 city burned Wood buildings Many cities begin to require store buildings Ms. O'Leary's cow
The City’s Beautification Movement
Movement to maintain natural beauty of cities
Frederick Law Olmstead
NYC’s Central Park
Boston’s Emerald Necklace
Amusement in the cities
Mechanism and industrialism leads to more leisure time
Americans look for new ways to spend their free time
