AP Bio Chapter 6.1 Part 1 Flashcards
What types of microscopes are used in the classrooms
Light microscopes
Micrograph
Picture of microscope
What is the range of cell sizes
10 micrometers to 1 millimeter
Resolution
How well 2 points can be separated from 2 points by sight
What are the physical constraints on cell size
Too small: can’t fit all the structures etc inside
Too big: can’t exchange matter (nutrients, oxygen, water) with the environment efficiently. Also, waste will accumulate
Volume increases faster than surface area
What makes a cell prokaryotic
Simpler–no membrane bound organelles
Smaller–typically 10-100 micrometers
Much more abundant
No nucleus, can’t be multicellular
What makes a cell eukaryotic
Lots of membrane bound organelles
Larger (100 micrometers to 1 millimeter)
What are the 2 major types of eukaryotes
Photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic
How are cells able to specialize
By enclosing parts of the cells in membrane
What happens as a result of membranes isolating different areas of the cell
The cell has varied conditions in different regions (pH, concentrations of molecules, etc)
What do membranes provide chemically
Surfaces for various reactions (respiration and photosynthesis)
What makes eukaryotic cells so much more complex than prokaryotic cells
The specialization of cellular regions
Specialization is a prerequisite for ___________________
Multicellular life
So many compartments=
So many options
What 3 things must a cell do to stay alive
Process matter, process energy, process information
Process matter
Molecules must be acquired, synthesized, and digested
Process energy
In order for matter to be processed, energy must be provided. This energy usually comes from one or 2 places
Process information
The instructions that allow the cell to process matter and energy must be interrupted by the cellular system. Signals from the environment and must also be interpreted.
What do many cells also do
Reproduce and communicate
Reproduce
The information that runs the cell must be passed on to new generations of cells
Communicate
Cells respond to/direct other cells
What can proteins do
Build molecules Digest molecules Carry out chemical reactions Provide structure Copy DNA and RNA Receive and send messages to the environment/other cells
Instructions to build proteins are stored in
DNA (genes)
Nuclear lamina
A netlike array of of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the near envelope
What ability do the cell’s compartments provide for the cell
The ability to provide different local environments so incompatible processes can occur simultaneously
Protein secretion
High proportion of bound ribosomes
What are included in the endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi, lysosomes, some vesicles and vacuoles, plasma membrane
Glycoproteins
Secretory proteins, with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
Transport vesicles
Go from one part of the cell to another (ER–>Golgi)
What are sacs of Golgi called
Cisternae
Cis face
Side of Golgi where vesicles enter, facing ER
Trams face
Where vesicles exit to other sites
Phagocytosis
Engulfing smaller organisms/food particles
Autophagy
Cell recycles its own organic material
Where are vacuoles derived from
ER
