Biochemistry Chapter 4 Notes-AP Bio Flashcards
What did Stanley Miller do and what was produced
Simulated early earth conditions, produced hydrocarbons and amino acids
What were early atmospheric gases
Ammonia, methane, and hydrogen
Vitalism
Belief in a life force
Mechanism
Theory that there’s nothing special about how life is built
What do functional groups do
Modify the properties of organic molecules
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent
Solute
The substance that gets dissolved
Solvent
Dissolving agent
Quantify
Tell you what’s there-molarity
Macromolecules
Macro=bug
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic acid
Organic compounds
What are the macromolecules made of
Few, common atoms
What do the macromolecules do
Accomplish all of life’s functions
How are macromolecules put together
In a special way, can be incredibly complex
What are the two forms of macromolecules (except for lipids)
Monomer-simplest unit
Polymer-a large molecule made of repeating monomers
What is the movement between these facilitated by
The movement of monomers and polymers is facilitated by adding/removing water
Dehydration synthesis
Anabolic and endergonic process
Builds more complex molecules from smaller ones by removing 2H and 1O, and replacing it with a bond, creating water.
Anabolic
Builds complexity
Endergonic
Requires energy and enzymes
Hydrolysis
The reverse of dehydration synthesis
Water is needed
Catabolic
Reduces complexity
Exergonic
Enzymes still required
Releases energy
Metabolism
Sum total of molecules built up and broken down
What are carbs also known as
Sugars and starches
What are carbs made up of
1C:2H:1O
What are carbs used for
Short term energy storage and structure
What are their Monomers called
Monosaccharides
Different sugar monomers can have different what?
Numbers of carbon
Ribulose
Most common catalyst, in plants to grab CO2
What are some examples of carbs
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharide
2 groups combined by dehydration synthesis (fructose+glucose=sucrose)
Starch
A long chain of glucose
Cellulose
The major component of plant like cell walls
Herbavores need to do what but lack what
Digest cellulose, but lack enzymes to digest cellulose
Chitin
A modified polysaccharide, used in exoskeletons
Peptidoglycan
A modified polysaccharide used in bacterial cell walls
Lipids are what
Fats oils, waxes
What are lipids made of
CHO
