AP Bio Chapter 53 Part 2 Flashcards
Mutualism
A +/+ interaction (clownfish-anenome)
Symbiosis, and what are its 3 major types of interactions
Two or species live in close contact with one another,
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Parasitism
A +/- interaction (mosquito)
One species lives off of another, but doesn’t want to kill it
Most common form of symbiosis
Commensalism
+/o
One species benefits, the other isn’t helped or harmed
The most controversial. Does it really exist?
Facilitation
Species have positive effects of other species in its community without being in a symbiotic relationship ex. Lichen
They change the environment to help other species / allow other things to live there
Either +/+ or +/o
How are communities characterized
Diversity
Trophic structure
Trophic limits
Diversity
A variety of different organisms that comprise the community
What does diversity correlate to
The stability of community
More diverse = more tolerant of disturbances
What can diversity be understood in terms of
Species richness
Relative abundance
Variety of a population
Species richness
The number of different species
Relative abundance
The proportion of each species to the total in the community. Relative abundance can measure diversity
Trophic structure
Troph means to eat
The feeding relationship present in a community
What are the 3 types of trophic structure
Food chains
Food webs
Keystone species
Food chain
One sequential series of trophic relationships in a community
In food chains, what do the arrows point to
Direction of energy flow
Producer, primary/secondary/tertiary/quartenary consumer
Food web
Many interconnected trophic relationships in a community
If you touch part of the web, everything else is affected
Keystone species
Species that have a large effect on the structure of the community
You can’t take it out, or there will be very bad effects
What do trophic limits show
Why food chains limited in length
Energetic hypothesis
Only enough energy to affect a certain # of links
Dynamic stability hypothesis
A longer a food chain, the less stable it is
What are the 2 ways food chains are controlled
Bottom up model
Top down model
Bottom up model
Factors that control producers have ultimate influence on higher trophic levels
Top down model
Actions of predators control lower trophic levels
