AP Bio Chapter 8 Part 2 Flashcards
Activation energy
The energy needed to get the reaction started
As energy is transformed, less and less is _________ more and more is _____________ (types of energy)
Gibbs free energy, entropy
Is every reaction reversible ?
Yes
What does a spontaneous mean in a reaction
If energy is released, energy given off is great enough to overcome activation energy, so reaction continues until nothing is left.
What does products-reactants= in EXERgonic reactions
Negative (where delta G comes from)
Products-reactants = in endergonic reactions
Positive
In endergonic reactions (non spontaneous) what is required for the reaction to continue (what must keep being added)
Activation energy
What is eventually reached in closed systems
Maximum entropy, everything is evened out
Earth is a _________ system. What will happen if earth is without constant energy
Open, earth will go even and into a “random” state
Equilibrium =
Death
ATP is also known as
A rechargeable battery. ATP when full, ADP when not full, lost a phosphate
ATP
The short term energy/release molecule of choice in cells
How many ATP are made and used per second in the cell
Tens of millions per second
What is the nature of ATP bonds
They are relatively unstable
What characteristic of the bonds allows much more free energy to be released
When the bonds between them are broken then is required by the cell to initiate the cleavage
Lifetime of ATP?
Short lived. Must be a quick energy source, used soon
What other name from ATP can be used for evolution evidence
It is a modified nucleotide phosphate
What is the charge on phosphates. How is this significant to ATP
Negative. Repel each other, until the last phosphate falls off and releases energy
How is ATP “made”
A phosphate is added
What’s the direct energy source of the cell
ATP
What is much of the work done by cellular proteins mediated by
The addition and removal of phosphate groups from ATP by proteins to other proteins (kinases etc)
Metabolism
The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in a organisms
What is energy from catabolic processes used for (respiration)
Power the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate groups
ATP (and other NTP’s) are used to power
The anabolic reactions that require chemical reactions
Coupling energy
Enough energy is released at least above the activation energy amount
Reaction coupling
Refers to linking an EXERgonic process with a cellular process
If an endergonic process requires less free energy than an EXERgonic process produces how is coupling used
Coupling those 2 reactions allows for maximum efficiency, and an overall negative delta G.
All reactions require activation energy that does what to chemical bonds
Makes the breaking of the chemical bonds energetically favorable (THE TRANSITION STATE)
The relationship between the energy of the products and the energy of the reactants determines what
If a reaction is EXERgonic or endergonic
