AP Bio Systems-Chapter Part 1 Flashcards
Organism alive physiology can be
Unicellular or multicellular
All physiological processes occur at the
Cellular level of organization
Unicellular
All of life’s functions must be preformed by 1 cell
Prokaryotic
Limited in a physiological complexity due to the lack of membrane bound organelles
Where (in prokaryotes) does all physiology have to occur
In relatively uniform cellular environment
Eukaryotic
Unicellular eukaryotes are able to utilize membrane bound organelles to compartmentalize the cell
What does compartmentalization allow for
More regulation of cellular conditions and a wider diversity of physiological processes to occur in the cell
Fungus
Heterotrophs
While fungus are multicellular, they have limited cell differentiation
Because of this, physiology remains largely a function of the cellular level of organization
Mostly encountered with other organisms
What are the diversity of fungal myclellial hyphae
Separate and coenocytic
Septate
Cells are separated by cell wall compartment (septa)
Coenocytic
Cells are all fused together into a multi nucleate structure
What do plants demonstrate
Cell differentiation in tissue level organ level and system level organization
What are parenchymal cells responsible for
Photosynthesis
What are colenchyma and schlenchyma cells responsible for
Structure and support
What are most of a plant’s cells
Parenchymal cells
What are schlenchymal cell walls filled with
Lignin a structural polymer
What does the lignification process lead to
Their death at functional maturity
What are the 3 types of plant tissue
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Dermal
Specialized parenchymal includes stomates and a waxy layer (cuticle) to prevent desiccation
Ground
Includes all 3 cell types
Involved in photosynthesis (at leaves)
Storage of food / supports the plant
What are plants mostly made of
Ground tissue
Vascular
Not found in bryophytes. Contains specialized cells that comprise the xylem and phloem of the plant
Xylem
Made of tracheids and vessel elements
Dead at function maturity
Transports water–>cohesion of water molecules in transpiration ONE way
Phloem
Transport carbohydrates in multiple directions (up down)
Made of sieve tube elements and compassion cells
Source
Where sugar is produced
Sink
Where sugar is produced
In phloem, what’s special about sieve tube elements
Dead at functional maturity
What regulates sieve tube enemy function
Companion cells
What are the 3 structures of plant organisms
Leaf stem root
Leaf
Major function is photosynthesis. Can be modified for other functions
Stem
Major functions are supported and transport can be modified for other functions
What are the 2 types of functions
Shoot root
Shoot
All above ground parts of the plant (photosynthesis, floral reproduction )
Root (pt. 2)
All below ground parts of the plant
Nutrient/water absorption etc
What do animals demonstrate
A greater degree of cellular differentiation than plants
A greater diversity of tissue, organ and system level organic cells and tissues
