AP Bio Chapter 12 Vocab Flashcards
Chromosomes
A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. Carries hundreds of genes
Genome
The endowment of genetic material (DNA) in cells
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that are the building material of eukaryotic chromosomes. Long thin fibers
Somatic cells
Cells pertaining to the body, other than gametes. Contains 46 chromosomes (2 sets of 23)
Gametes
Reproductive cells that have one set of chromosomes
Sister chromosomes
Joined copies of the original chromosome, contains identical DNA molecule
Centromere
A region of the chromosomal DNA where chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid. Mediated by proteins
Mitosis
The division of genetic material and the nucleus
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm
Mitotic spindle
An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. While it assembles, the other microtubules of the cytoskeleton partially disassemble
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing structure, duplicates
Kinetochore
A structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of DNA at each centromere.
Cleavage furrow
The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell, a shallow groove around the cell in the cell structure near the old metaphase plate. On the cytoplasmic side, it’s a contractile ring of microfilaments and associated proteins. Pinches cell in two
Binary fission
Cell grows roughly to double in size, then divides in half to form 2 cells. Single bacteria chromosome is circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. Not orderly division process. After replication, plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing genetic material to daughter cells.
Homologous
Same genes, same location
