Biochemistry Chapter 4- AP Bio functional groups Flashcards
What are hydroxyls called
Called alcohols, names usually end in -ol.
Functional groups
Modify the properties of organic molecules
What are 2 special properties of hydroxyls
Polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom.
Can form a hydrogen bond with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars
What are the 2 types of carbonyls
Ketones and aldehydes
How can you determine whether a carbonyl is a ketone or an aldehyde
Ketone-within a carbon skeleton
Aldehyde-if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
What are 2 characteristics of carbonyls
A ketone and an aldehyde maybe be structural isomers with different properties (acetone propanol)
Ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to 2 majors sugar groups–ketoses and aldoses
What are carboxyls called
Carboxylic acids or organic acids
What is a characteristic of carboxyls
Acts as an acid; can donate a H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
What is a name for aminos
Amines
What is a special characteristic about amino
Acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water in a living organism)
Sulfhydryl name
Thiols
What are 2 characteristics of Sulfhydryls
2 Sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This “cross linking” helps stabilize protein structure.
Cross linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair.
How is straight hair permanently curled
Shaping it around curlers and then breaking and reforming the cross linking bonds.
What is methyl groups called
Methylated compounds
What is a characteristic of methyl group
Addition of methyl groups to DNA or to molecules bonded to DNA affects the expression of genes, rearrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shake and function.
What’s a name for phosphate groups
Organic phosphates
