APUSH Chapter 24 Part 3 Flashcards
Trench Warfare
Stalemate on the western front begins in winter 1914
Trenches connect soldiers, communications, artillery, etc
Rats, lice, disease, etc
Huge casualties result (first modern war)
No Man’s Land
Area between trenches
“Going over the top”
Rarely successful
Signs from modern war
Trench foot, shell shock, new war technologies, machine gun, zeppelin, airplane, poison gas, barbed war, submarine, artillery, tanks, flamethrower
US Troops referred to as
Yanks
Doughboys
Alvin York
Sought exemption as a conscientious objector
Most famous American soldier of the war
Decorated for bravery
Eddie Rickenbacker
“Ace of Aces”
Fought against von Richthofen “Red Baron”
26 kills
Major battles
Massive offensives try to break stalemate Verdun (German) The Somme (allied)
Committee on Public Information
Created in 1917
Run by George Creel
Gov sponsored propaganda to continue people of the viability of the war
American popular opinion turns completely against enemy
Examples on how the Committee on Public Information worked
4 minute men
“Over there”
Anti German movies
Propaganda posters–>dehumanizing
The Espionage Act
1917
Bans all anti war / giving newspapers from mail
Heavy fines and jail time for interfering with draft
The Sedition Act 1918
Federal offense to use disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the constitution, govt, American uniform, or flag
Thousands prosecuted, including socialist Eugene debs
War Industries Board
Wilson appoints Bernard Baruch (1918)
Govt agency
Economic planning during wartime
Allocates materials, sets production quotas, prices
Regulation of war industries and supplies
Sets precedent going forward –> govt will regulate in times of crisis
The Great Migration
Southern blacks migrate to northern cities
Lack of European immigrants to fill factory jobs
Failure of cotton crops 1916
Conscription
European armies have depleted manpower US must raise an army Only 100,000 in uniform at the time Wilson grudgingly OKs draft Originality aged 21-30 --> 18-35
The draft
2.8 million men drafted American Expeditionary Force includes Women African Americans Segregated units , non combat duties Many will "dodge" the draft
The Russian Revolution
Revolutions in Feb and Oct 1917 Bolsheviks sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany Allies now desperate for manpower Eastern front battles end Americans arrive early 1918 Used as replacements in allied armies
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Sept-Nov 11 1918 Americans demand separate army Gen John Pershing granted 1.2 million troops, 85 mile fort 47 mile offensive Heavy fighting in the Argonne forest Largest offensive in American history
The end
11/11/18
Germans surrender (11am most guns fall quiet on the western front)
Celebrations breakout across the US
9 million dead, 20 million visibly wounded
The First Big Three
Woodrow Wilson (USA) Georges Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (GB)
The Paris Peace Conference
1919
President Wilson arrives to cheering crowds
Sign of hope for Europe
14 points
GB and France want to weaken / punish enemies (especially Germany)
Wilson’s Plan for Peace - the fourteen points
1-5 changes to prevent future wars
6-13 boundary changes to European nations
14 creation of a League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
1919 Germany assumes blame for war War reparations $33 billion German military limited to 100,000 men Alsace Lorraine returned to France League of Nations formed Cause OF WWII?
The battle for ratification
Wilson returns to ratify treaty 1919
Finds deep opposition
Irish Americans fear for independence will never come to Ireland
German Americans see treaty as too harsh
The irreconcilables
Isolationists including Hiram Johnson
Group determined to stop US joining League of Nations
Wilson tours country speaking for ratification
Wilson suffers stroke
Treaty never ratified
