APUSH Chapter 20 Flashcards
How did the demographics of factories shift
Early factories - rural areas, near rivers
New factories - steam power and RR allow them to be built in cities
The growth of cities
American cities began to expand after the something
Cities grow vertically and horizontally
Because of the invention of steel (by Bessemer process)
The Bessemer process
Invented in 1850s Process causes impurities to be removed from steel Created lightweight steel Easier to use Carnegie masters production Used to made cities grow
Electric elevators
Invented in Germany in 1880
Elisha Otis invents “safety elevator”
Breaking system in case cable fails
Transportation as city population expands
Commuters need mass transportation
Electric trolleys
Subways (Boston 1897)
What does mass transportation create
City districts divided by business type, race, ethnicity, social class
Industrial Jobs
Immigrants flock to US looking for jobs in industry
Problems w industrial cities
Crime
Pick pockets
Prostitution
Sanitation
Small farms produce little to no waste Pigs eat food scraps and garbage Dirty dwellers produce huge amounts of garbage Who cleans it up ? Indoor plumbing / waste removal
Dumbbell Tenants
Cheap housing housed many immigrant families
7-8 stories high
Air shafts for ventilation
Several families per floor shared bathrooms
Disease spreads rapidly
Fire
1871-Chicago Fire –>300 dead 2/3 city burned
Wood buildings
Many cities begin to require stone buildings
Earthquakes, SF (1906)
City Beautification Movement
Movement to maintain the natural beauty of cities
Frederick Law Olmstead
NYC’s Centeral Park
Bostons Emerald Necklace
Amusement in the cities
Mechanization and industrialism leads to more leisure time
Americans look for new ways to spend free time
The urban elite
NY attracts millionaires "New" vs "old" money Socialites Mrs. Astor's four hundred The Social Register
High Culture
Boston MFA
Chicago museum of art
Carnegie Libraries
New vs. old money now
Dot com billionaires
Middle Class
Emerges between upper and working class White collar jobs Bankers, teachers, accountants, etc Male/ female roles Bread winner vs domesticity Views on female sexuality
The Immigrant Class
German and Irish (1830s-60s) Easy assimilation (English speaking, catholic) New immigrants (1870s-1920s) Unskilled, poor Italy Poland Greece Russia
Nativism
Belief that native born whites were superior
Protestants suspicious of Catholicism
Chinese Exclusion Acts
Bans laborers, limits rights of immigrants already in us
Push factor
Reason to leave
Revolutions / wars
Low grain prices
Religious persecution
Pull factors
Reasons to com to America
Employment
Western farm,and
Political freedom
The journey
Steamship travel Processing Ellis Island (NY/NJ) Angel Island (SF) Must have trade, money, or relative
Ellis Island (1900)
Built to meet demands of immigration
Medical inspection and processing of immigrants
1907-1 million immigrants processed
Cities
Most immigrants settle in cities
NY, BOS, PHI, SF
ethnic neighborhoods bc of similarity
Food, culture, religion
Assimilation
US becomes “melting pot” of the nationalities
Begin to assume American values
Changing views of women in the 1890s
The Gibson girl
The ideal woman
