Study aid Part 1 (1 - 42) Flashcards
- What does sterilisation mean?
Killing procedure of any kind of germs.
- What does disinfection mean?
Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.
- Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilisation?
- The number of the germs
- the resistance of the germs
- the concentration of the disinfectants
- the presence of the organic materials
- the initial time
- the presence of the biofilm.
- Parameters of the hot-air sterilisation cupboard protocol?
180°C; 1 hour, 160°C; 2 hours, 140°C; 3 hours.
- Parameters of the autoclaving?
+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes
or
134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes.
- Chemical agents used for gas sterilisation?
Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone
- The theoretical background of plasma sterilisation?
- Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage.
- The produced free radicals will kill the microbes.
- At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products.
- Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilisation.
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
- Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS
(Pyrogens are substances that can produce a fever. The most common pyrogens are endotoxins, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.)
- What are the antiseptic agents?
Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.
- what does does serological reaction mean?
Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
- What does agglutination mean?
Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated.
- What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule
- What does antibody titre mean?
The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.
- What does precipitation mean?
Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus particle).
- What does iatrogenic infection mean?
Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment.
- What does nosocomial infection mean?
Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalisation.
- What are the contents of the vaccines? (3 example)
Live attenuated microbe; killed microbe, toxoid, antigens of the microbe.
- What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
The microbe is examined without killing procedure.
- What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3 example)
The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the motility, the staining can be examined
- The solutions of the Gram-stain?
Sodium oxalate, cristal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsin or safranin.
- What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?
Anaerostate, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.
- Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide
a. bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth
b. bactericide: kills bacteria
- Definition: selective toxicity
a. the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host
- Chemotherapeutic index?
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)
- Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide.
- Glycopeptide antibiotics
vancomycin, teicoplanin
- Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:
Polymyxines
- What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (5 example)
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid
- Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (4 example)
Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim.
- Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer
- conjugation (plasmid)
- Transduction (bacteriophage)
- transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
- Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:
Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modifying of the antibiotic binding site
- What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.
- What are the disinfectants?
Chemical agents used on inanimate/non-living surfaces.
- What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.
- What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.
- Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI
a. MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)
b. MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter
c. PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
- Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?
a. Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b)
b. Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae)
c. meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) – but not B!
- What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
a. Sputum and haemoculture
- What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
a. Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.
- What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (3 example)
a. Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
