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AA Microbio Semifinal > Study aid Part 1 (1 - 42) > Flashcards

Study aid Part 1 (1 - 42) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What does sterilisation mean?
A

Killing procedure of any kind of germs.

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2
Q
  1. What does disinfection mean?
A

Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.

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3
Q
  1. Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilisation?
A
  1. The number of the germs
  2. the resistance of the germs
  3. the concentration of the disinfectants
  4. the presence of the organic materials
  5. the initial time
  6. the presence of the biofilm.
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4
Q
  1. Parameters of the hot-air sterilisation cupboard protocol?
A

180°C; 1 hour, 160°C; 2 hours, 140°C; 3 hours.

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5
Q
  1. Parameters of the autoclaving?
A

+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes

or

134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes.

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6
Q
  1. Chemical agents used for gas sterilisation?
A

Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone

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7
Q
  1. The theoretical background of plasma sterilisation?
A
  • Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage.
  • The produced free radicals will kill the microbes.
  • At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products.
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8
Q
  1. Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilisation.
A

By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.

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9
Q
  1. Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
A

LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS

(Pyrogens are substances that can produce a fever. The most common pyrogens are endotoxins, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.)

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10
Q
  1. What are the antiseptic agents?
A

Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.

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11
Q
  1. what does does serological reaction mean?
A

Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.

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12
Q
  1. What does agglutination mean?
A

Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated.

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13
Q
  1. What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
A

O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule

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14
Q
  1. What does antibody titre mean?
A

The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.

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15
Q
  1. What does precipitation mean?
A

Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus particle).

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16
Q
  1. What does iatrogenic infection mean?
A

Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment.

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17
Q
  1. What does nosocomial infection mean?
A

Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalisation.

18
Q
  1. What are the contents of the vaccines? (3 example)
A

Live attenuated microbe; killed microbe, toxoid, antigens of the microbe.

19
Q
  1. What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
A

The microbe is examined without killing procedure.

20
Q
  1. What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3 example)
A

The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the motility, the staining can be examined

21
Q
  1. The solutions of the Gram-stain?
A

Sodium oxalate, cristal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsin or safranin.

22
Q
  1. What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?
A

Anaerostate, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.

23
Q
  1. Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide
A

a. bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth
b. bactericide: kills bacteria

24
Q
  1. Definition: selective toxicity
A

a. the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host

25
Q
  1. Chemotherapeutic index?
A

dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)

26
Q
  1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?
A

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide.

27
Q
  1. Glycopeptide antibiotics
A

vancomycin, teicoplanin

28
Q
  1. Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:
A

Polymyxines

29
Q
  1. What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (5 example)
A

Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid

30
Q
  1. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (4 example)
A

Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim.

31
Q
  1. Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer
A
  1. conjugation (plasmid)
  2. Transduction (bacteriophage)
  3. transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
32
Q
  1. Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:
A

Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modifying of the antibiotic binding site

33
Q
  1. What does MRSA mean?
A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

34
Q
  1. What does ESBL mean?
A

Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.

35
Q
  1. What are the disinfectants?
A

Chemical agents used on inanimate/non-living surfaces.

36
Q
  1. What does MIC mean?
A

Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.

37
Q
  1. What does MBC mean?
A

Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.

38
Q
  1. Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI
A

a. MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)
b. MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter
c. PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter

39
Q
  1. Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?
A

a. Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b)
b. Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae)
c. meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) – but not B!

40
Q
  1. What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
A

a. Sputum and haemoculture

41
Q
  1. What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
A

a. Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.

42
Q
  1. What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (3 example)
A

a. Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

AA Microbio Semifinal (99 decks)

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