IA. General microbiology | 5. Sterilization Flashcards

1
Q

I. Sterilization
1. What is sterilization?

A
  • killing procedure of any kind of germs ……..
  • inactivation (killing) of all forms of microbial life (pathogenic microbes and spores)
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2
Q

I. Sterilization
2. What is sterile?

A

Sterile: an object that is free of all living organisms

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3
Q

I. Sterilization
3. How can sterile be achieved?

A

Can be achieved via application of heat, chemicals, iradiation, high pressure and filtration

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4
Q

I. Sterilization
4. What is the aim of sterilization?

A

Complete removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life including bacterial spores

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5
Q

I. Sterilization
5A. What is decimal time (D)?

A
  • Decimal time (D): time needed to reduce the initial number (N0) to one tenth of its original value
  • Number of microorganisms (N) after sterilization is given by:
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6
Q

I. Sterilization
5B. What are the features of D?

A

D varies with temperature, type of organism, water activity, pH, etc.
■ D becomes considerably shorter with increased temperature → high temperature will reduce the N0 faster than low temperature.

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7
Q

I. Sterilization
6. What are the 5 applications of sterilization?

A

○ Sterilization of medical instrumentations
○ Annihilation of infectious waste
○ Sterilisation of injectable medications
○ Skin disinfection
○ Food safety

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8
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization
1. Classification of methods of sterilization

A
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9
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization
2. Classification of physical methods

A
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10
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization
3. Classification of chemical methods

A
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11
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization
4. Classification of mechanical method

A
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12
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method (Heat)
1. What are the features of flaming (dry heat) method?

A

○ Instruments are held in flame until they become red hot
○ Incinerating biological waste from hospitals and laboratories
○ Use: inoculation loop, inoculation needle, scalpels, mouth of test
tube, top of forceps

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13
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method (Heat)
2. What are the features of hot air oven (dry heat) method?

A

Hot air oven (dry heat) – most widely used method
○ Heating at atmospheric pressure and often use a fan to obtain uniform temperature by circulation
○ 1hr→ 180°C ;2hr →160°C; 3hrs→140°C
○ Use: laboratory glassware, ceramics, surgical instruments
without sharp edges, powders
tube, top of forceps

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14
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method (Heat)
3A. What are the features of utoclaving (moist heat) or steam sterilizer?

A
  • Insulated pressure chamber in which saturated steam is used to elevate the temperature
  • Denaturation and coagulation of microbial protein occur during exposure to the high temperature of the steam
  • 121°C at +1atm overpressure for 20-30mins
  • 134°C at +2atm overpressure for 10mins
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15
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method (Heat)
3B. Why is autoclaving (moist heat) or steam sterilizer more effective than DRY HEAT?

A
  • More rapid, even penetration
  • Better bactericidal/virucidal effect
  • Short efficient cycle time
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16
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method (Heat)
3C. What is the use of autoclaving (moist heat) or steam sterilizer?

A

Microbiological media, solutions, glasswate, surgical instruments, cotton items, items made of autoclavable rubber, swabs, tissue paper

17
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method (Heat)
3D. Give steps of Autoclave sterilization methods to destroy prions (protein only)?

A
  1. 1N NaOH 2hrs or 2N NaOH 1hrs
  2. +2atm overpressure, 134°C, 1hrs
  3. Repeat whole process
18
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization
4. What are the 3 factors in sterilization testing?

A
  1. Physical parameters – time, temperature, pressure
  2. Chemical indicators – exposition to heat - colour change (paper strips)
  3. Biological indicators – if good, bacteria will fail to grow (geobacillus stearothermophilus spores)
19
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method - Radiation
5A. What are the 2 types of radiation method?

A
  1. UV light
  2. Gamma sterilization
20
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method - Radiation
5B. What are the features of “UV Light” method?

A
  • Germicidal lamps: short distance → surface, air, biological safety
  • Cabinets, laminar flow cabinet → totally germfree
  • DNA mutates and breaks down → damage the structure and function of nucleic acid → cell death
  • Can cause damage to human cells
21
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method - Radiation
5C1. What are the features of “Gamma sterilization” method?

A
  • Coblat 60 radiation to kill microorganisms
  • Produce electron disruptions (ionization) in any material that it encounters
  • Living organism – disruptions result in damage to the DNA and other cellular structures – could cause death in organisms
  • Can damage human cells – risk of cancer
  • Use: single use, individually packaged, heat sensitive instruments (plastics, swabs catheters, infusion set, glove syringe
22
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Physical method - Radiation
5C2. What is the use of “Gamma sterilization” method?

A

Use: single use, individually packaged, heat sensitive instruments (plastics, swabs catheters, infusion set, glove syringe

23
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Chemical method
6A. What are the 2 chemical method?

A

Gas sterilization
Plasma sterilization

24
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Chemical method
6B. What are the features of gas sterilization?

A
  • Ethylene oxide, β-propiolactone, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA),formaldehyde
  • Highly penetrative, non-corrosive agents
  • Against: bacteria, spores and viruses
  • Destroys microorganism by alkylation; and causes denaturation of nucleic acid
  • Use: single use, heat-sensitive, medical devices (prosthetic heart valves and plastic catheters and textiles)
25
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Chemical method
6C. What are the features of Plasma sterilization?

A
  • Low-temp (~46°C), low humidity sterilization with plasma state hydrogen peroxide created using an electromagnetic field
  • Gas like plasma – cloud of ions, electrons, neutral atomic particles – created free radicals and biologically active particles destroy microorganisms.
  • Electromagnetic field is turned off – hydrogen peroxide decays to water and oxygen
  • Use: metallic, non-metallic, wet/heat - sensitive instruments
  • At the end of the procedure there will be H2O, O2 & non toxic products
26
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization
7A. What are the features of Filtration method, a mechanical method?

A

Aqueous liquids, including solutions of heat-labile and irradiation-sensitive substances, may be sterilized by forced passage through a filter of porosity small enough to retain any microorganisms contained in them

27
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Filtration
7B. What are the 4 types of filters in filtration?

A
  • Candle filters
  • Asbestos filters
  • Sintered glass filters
  • Membrane filters
28
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Filtration
7C. What are the features of candle filters?

A

purification of water for industrial purpose

29
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Filtration
7D. What are the features of Asbestos filters?

A
  • disposable, single use discs.
  • High absorbing capacity.
30
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Filtration
7E. What are the features of . Sintered glass filters?

A

low absorptive property. Brittle and
expensive.

31
Q

II. Methods of Sterilization - Filtration
7F. What are the features of Membrane filters?

A
  • routinely used in purification and analysis.
  • The use of graded pore size: 0.2-0.4μm.