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AA Microbio Semifinal > I-C. Protozoology | 30. Plasmodia > Flashcards

I-C. Protozoology | 30. Plasmodia Flashcards

1
Q

I. plasmodium
1. What are plasmodium?

A

causative agents of malaria

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2
Q

I. plasmodium
2. What are the species of plamodium? What do they cause?

A
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3
Q

I. plasmodium
3. What is the route of transmission of Plasmodium

A

with the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes

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4
Q

I. plasmodium
4. What is the pathomechanism of plasmodium?

A
  1. sporozoits form in mosquito
  2. sporozoits infect liver cells where they turn into merozoits in 6-40 day
  3. merozoits escape from liver cells and infect RBCs: form schizonts and escape (lyse) RBCs in species-specific intervals
  4. certain merozoits form gametes
  5. gametes reenter mosquito during bite
  6. P. vivax and P. ovale can form temporaly inactive forms (hypnozoits) in liver cells (reactivation after successful therapy!)
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5
Q

I. plasmodium
2. What are the 4 species of plasmodium? Which disease do they cause?

A
  1. P. malariae -> quartan fever
  2. P. ovale -> benign tertian fever
  3. P. vivax -> benign tertian fever
  4. P. falciparum -> tertian fevere
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6
Q

I. plasmodium
3. What is the route of transmission of plasmodium?

A

with the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes

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7
Q

I. plasmodium
5. In the pathomechanism of plasmodium. what can P. vivax and P. ovale form?

A

P vivax and P. ovale can form temporaly inactive forms (hypnozoits) in liver cells (reactivation after successful therapy!)

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8
Q

I. plasmodium
1. What are plasmodium?

A

causative agents of malaria

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9
Q

I. plasmodium
6. What are the signs and symptoms of malaria?

A
  1. Develops usually after 2 weeks of infection
    - Fiver, shivering
  2. hepatosplenomegaly
  3. RBC damage causes RBC conglomerates and lysis
    - block capillaries: necrosis, haemorrhage
  4. haemolysis leads to jaundice, haemoglobinuria
    - can cause kidney failure
  5. sickle-cell disease is partially protective
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10
Q

I. plasmodium - Diagnosis
7A. What is the diagnosis for plasmodium?

A
  1. anamnesis (a patient’s account of their medical history.)
  2. blood smear (in every 6 hours for 4 times)
    - Giemsa-stained thick blood smear (infection confirmation)
    - Giemsa-stained thin blood smear (species identification)
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11
Q

I. plasmodium - Therapy
8A. What are the therapy for plasmodium?

A
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12
Q

I. plasmodium - Therapy
8B. What is the therapy against merozoite form?

A

chloroquine, mefloquine

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13
Q

I. plasmodium - Therapy
8C. What is the therapy against hypnozoits form?

A

primaquine

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14
Q

I. plasmodium - Therapy
8D. In case there is P. falciparum chloroquine resistance, which therapy should we use?

A
  1. pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine
  2. doxycycline
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15
Q

I. plasmodium
9. What is the vaccine against plasmodium?

A
  • Against plasmodium falciparum, content of the vaccine is a fusion protein
  • Aims: pre-erythrocytic or liver-stage vaccines, blood-stage vaccines, transmission-blocking vaccines
  • Mosquirix (against P. falciparum)
  • 3or4doses
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16
Q

I. plasmodium
10. Describe Uncomplicated malaria (rare)?

A
  • Cold stage: cold, shivering
  • Hot stage: fever, headache, vomiting
  • Sweating stage: sweats, normal temp, tiredness
17
Q

I. plasmodium
10A. What are some types of malaria?

A
  • Cerebral malaria → paralysis, coma, congested brain
  • Severe anemia
  • In malignant malaria → hematuria
18
Q

I. plasmodium
10B. What is pathogenesis of Cerebral malaria

A
  • High cytokine levels could be toxic on their own
  • High levels of cytokine also enhance the second process thought to be responsible for cerebral malaria: sequestration of infected RBCs
19
Q

I. plasmodium
10C. What is pathogenesis of Severe malaria

A
  • in highly endemic areas: high mortality among children due to severe anemia
  • transfusion needs
  • children who survive beyond the first years show decreasing parasitemia and disease (this immunity is not sterile and depends on constant exposure)
20
Q

I. plasmodium
10D. Explain blackwater fever

A
  • In malignant malaria a large number of the red blood corpuscles are destroyed
  • Haemoglobin from the blood corpuscles is excreted in the urine, which therefore
    is dark - haemoglinuria
20
Q

I. plasmodium
10D. Explain blackwater fever

A
  • In malignant malaria a large number of the red blood corpuscles are destroyed
  • Haemoglobin from the blood corpuscles is excreted in the urine, which therefore
    is dark - haemoglinuria
21
Q

I. plasmodium
11. What are complications in malaria

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • ARDS
  • Abnormal blood coagulation and thrombocytopenia
  • Acute kidney failure
  • Metabolic acidosis

AA Microbio Semifinal (99 decks)

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