II-A. Systemic bacteriology | 17. Brucella and Francisella genus Flashcards

1
Q

I. Brucella genus
1. What are the features of Brucella genus?

A

Gram-negative coccobacilli / short rods

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2
Q

I. Brucella genus
2. What are important species of Brucella genus?

A

species were named based on host animal
* B. melitensis – goat, sheep
* B. suis – swine
* B. abortus – cow
* B. canis - dog

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3
Q

I. Brucella genus
3. What is the route of transmission of Brucella genus?

A

route of transmission: zoonosis!
- bacterium spreads with animal secretions, milk ( pasteurisation can kill them!)

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4
Q

I. Brucella genus
4. What is the entry site of Brucella genus?

A

Entry site: infection through skin/mucous membrane lesion (alimentary)
- bacteria infects RES, can be found intracellulary → granulomas

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5
Q

I. Brucella genus
5. What is the disease caused by Brucella genus?

A

brucellosis (“great imitator”) – aspecific symptoms

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6
Q

I. Brucella genus
6. What are the symptoms of brucellosis (“great imitator”) – aspecific symptoms?

A

fever (FUO), insomnia, irritability + organ dysfunctions

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7
Q

I. Brucella genus
7. Can brucellosis infect organs

A
  • spleen abscess, liver abscess, granulomas
  • lymphadenopathy, blood stream infection, endocarditis
  • cerebral abscess, meningitis, osteomyelitis
  • orchitis, chorioretinitis
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8
Q

I. Brucella genus
8. What are infections caused by Brucella genus?

A
  • febris melitensis (maltan fever) → B. melitensis
  • febris undulans (Bang-disease) → B. abortus
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9
Q

I. Brucella genus
9A. How do we diagnose Brucella genus?

A
  • aspecific symptoms, might imitate anything ➡ should think about it (farm workers, unpasteurized dairy product consumption!)
  • sampling
  • laboratory
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10
Q

I. Brucella genus
9B. How do we sample to diagnose Brucella genus?

A

blood culture, aspirate (lymphnodes), bone marrow, blood (for serology)

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11
Q

I. Brucella genus
9C1. How do we do laboratory to diagnose Brucella genus?

A
  1. serology (tube agglutination, ELISA, IF)
    - Wright-tube agglutination: patient serum is mixed with known Brucella bacteria ➡ if agglutination happens, it proves, that the patient has antibodies against the bacterium)
  2. PCR
    - culturing (rarely, only in specific laboratories)
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12
Q

I. Brucella genus
9C2. What is Wright-tube agglutination?

A

Wright-tube agglutination: patient serum is mixed with known Brucella bacteria ➡ if agglutination happens, it proves, that the patient has antibodies against the bacterium)

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13
Q

I. Brucella genus
10. What is the empirical therapy for Brucella genus?

A
  • tetracyclines + rifampicin
  • aminoglycosides
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14
Q

I. Brucella genus
10. What is the prevention for Brucella genus?

A
  • vaccination of livestock
  • pasteurization of dairy products
  • category B bio-weapon!
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15
Q

II. Francisella genus
1. What are the features of Francisella genus?

A
  • Gram Negative (-)
  • Small rod or coccobacilli
  • Facultative intracellular
    (category A bio-weapon!)
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16
Q

II. Francisella genus
2. What is the important species of Francisella genus?

A

Francisella tularensis

17
Q

II. Francisella genus
6A. How should we diagnose Francisella tularensis?

A
  • based on clinical signs and symptoms
  • sampling: blood (for serology), conjunctiva swab, lymph node aspirate
  • laboratory: tube agglutination, ELISA, IF
18
Q

II. Francisella genus
6B. How should we do laboratory to diagnose Francisella tularensis?

A

tube agglutination, ELISA, IF

19
Q

II. Francisella genus
3. What is the source of infection of Francisella tularensis?

A

zoonotic diseases (small rodents for e.g. rabbits)
- animal products
- tick bite

20
Q

II. Francisella genus - Francisella tularensis
4. What is the route of transmission of Francisella tularensis?

A

Infection through skin/mucous membrane lesion, per os
- intracellular localisation (proliferates in macrophages)

21
Q

II. Francisella genus
2. What is the important species of Francisella genus?

A

Francisella tularensis

22
Q

II. Francisella genus
7. What is the prevention for Francisella genus

A

PPE, livestock vaccination

23
Q

II. Francisella genus
8. What is the empirical therapy for Francisella genus

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines