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AA Microbio Semifinal > I-C. Protozoology | 27. Characterisation of the protozoa. Antiprotozoal drugs. > Flashcards

I-C. Protozoology | 27. Characterisation of the protozoa. Antiprotozoal drugs. Flashcards

1
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
1. Describe the eukaryotic cell structure of protozoa

A
  1. 2-100 um in diameter
  2. cell membrane
  3. nucleus (diploid)
  4. other cell components
    - mitochondria
    - ER, ribosomes
    - vaculoees
    - cytosckeletal proteins (aktin, tubulin)
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2
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
2. What are the 2 forms of eukaryotic cells of protozoa? What is the main feature of their reproduction?

A
  1. vegetative (trophozoit) and cyst form
    - Encystation in harsh environment
  2. bi-phasic reproduction
    - alternating sexual and asexual cycles
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3
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
3. How many species of protozoa are there

A

more than 15 000 species
- nearly 20 human pathogens

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4
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
4. What type of metabolism do protozoa use?

A
  • kemo-heterotrophe metabolism
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5
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
5. How do protozoa reproduce?

A
  1. binary fission as asexual reproduction
  2. gametocyte production
    - female and male is the same size: isogamet
    - different size: anisogamet (micro- és macrogamet)
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6
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
6. Do Protozoa tolerate hydration well?

A
  • they do not tolerate dehydration well
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7
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
7. Do protozoa have the resistant property? Explain

A

YES! They are resistant against chemicals / disinfectants

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8
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
8. How easy it is to culture protozoa?

A

difficult to culture
* on cell cultures
* embryonated egg

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9
Q

I. Characterisation of the protozoa
9. What are the 2 forms of protozoa?

A
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10
Q

II. Classification of protozoa
1. What is Classification of protozoa based on?

A
  • microbiological classification is based on movement
  • Clinilcally we can differentiate luminal and tissue / blood protozoa
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11
Q

II. Classification of protozoa
2. Give the Classification of protozoa

A
  1. Amoebas
  2. Flagellates
  3. Ciliates
  4. Sporozoas
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12
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3A. What is the structure of Amoebas?

A
  1. Moves by pseudopodia (false feet)
  2. most of them live asymptomatically within the host (carriers)
  3. Transmitted fecal-oral route by the infective form
    -> the cyst (homosexuals are at high risk)
    => water, spring, flies and cockroaches - vectors
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13
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3B. What is the life cycle of Amoebas?

A
  • Ingested as mature non-motile cyst (trophozoites)
  • Gastric acid stimulates excystation
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14
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3C. What are virulence factors of amoebas?

A
  1. Germ number: less than 10 cysts are enough
  2. Adhesive molecules
  3. Cytotoxin production – alteration of host cell membrane permeability – increase intracellular calcium level
  4. histolytic enzymes: proteases, cysteine kinase, phospholipase A, hyaluronidase, collagenase, elastase, RNase
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15
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3D. Name of diseases caused by Amoebas

A

Amoebic dysentery and abscesses

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16
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3E. What are the symptoms of diseases caused by Amoebas

A
  1. mostly asymptomatic
  2. can invade the intestinal mucosa:
    - abdominal pain, mucous & bloody diarrhoea
    - if penetrates the portal circulation -> liver abscesses
    - reach the diaphragm causing pulmonary abscesses-> death
17
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3F. How do we diagnose disease caused by amoebas?

A
  • Examine stool (trophozoite found with RBC= positive diagnosis)
  • Ag detection (ELISA)
  • Check nuclei on cyst
18
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3G. What are the features and treatment of Entamoeba coli?

A
  • Non-pathogenic, but from unpeeled fruits, raw vegetables
  • Treatment: metronidazole
19
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3H. What are the features and treatment of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Entamoeba histolytica → amoebic colitis (dysentry)
- Blood and mucus in stool
- Predilection sites: lungs, liver, brain abscess

20
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Amoebas
3I. Give examples of Amoebas

A
  1. Entamoeba Coli
  2. Entamoeba histolytica - Entamoaba sp.
  3. Acantameoba sp
  4. Naegleria sp.
21
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Flagellates
4A. What are the features of Flagellates

A
  • Flagellata, moving with their flagella
  • Transmitted by sexual contact
  • In female vagina, male urethra
  • No cyst, only trophozoite form
22
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Flagellates
4B. What are the diseases caused by Flagellates

A
  • Trichomonas
  • Leishmania
23
Q

II. Classification of protozoa - Flagellates
4C. What are the symptoms, treatment and diagnosis of Trichomoniasis

A
  1. Symptoms: itching, dysuria
    - males are usually asymptomatic or having urethritis
  2. Diagnosis:
    - highly motile parasite revealed under the microscope
  3. Treatment:
    - Metronidazole, tinidazole
24
Q

II. Classification of protozoa
5A. What are the features of sporozoa?

A

Unable to move

25
Q

II. Classification of protozoa
5B. What are the diseases caused by sporozoa?

A
  • Plasmodium
  • Toxoplasma
26
Q

II. Classification of protozoa
6A. What are the features of CILIATA?

A

They have Ciliates

27
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
1. What are the features of Anti-protozoal drugs

A
  1. we have only limited number of options
  2. to achieve selective toxicity is less likely (eukaryotes!)
28
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
2. Give the classification of Anti-protozoal drugs

A
  1. Heavy metal ions
  2. Kinonlines
  3. Folate antagonists
  4. Protein synthesis inhibitors
  5. Other drugs
29
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
3A. What are the feature of “Heavy metal ions” as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A

Against certain tissue / blood protozoa

30
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
3B. Give examples of “Heavy metal ions” as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A
  • arsenic (melarsoprol)
  • antimony
31
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
4A. What are the feature of KINOLINES as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A
  • Either inhibit protein synthesis or they bear direct toxicity to the pathogen.
  • Againts RBC infecting agents
32
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
4B. What are the examples of KINOLINES as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A
  • quinine, quinidine
  • chloroquine
  • primaquine
  • mefloquine
33
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
5A. What are the feature of FOLATE ANTAGONISTS as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A

Against certain tissue / blood protozoa

34
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
5B. What are the examples of FOLATE ANTAGONISTS as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A
  • pirimethamin
  • trimetophrim
35
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
6A. What are the examples of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A

Antibiotics used againts protozoa

36
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
6B. What are the examples of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A
  • clindamycin
  • tetracyclinek
  • macrolidok
37
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
7A. What are the features of other drugs as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A

DNA damaging agents, or agents with direct toxicity

38
Q

III. Anti-protozoal drugs
7A. What are the examples of other drugs as Anti-protozoal drugs?

A
  • pentamidin
  • metronidazol
  • tinidazol
  • artemisin (***)

AA Microbio Semifinal (99 decks)

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