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AA Microbio Semifinal > IA. General Microbiology | 18. Passive immunisation. The risk of the passive immunisation. > Flashcards

IA. General Microbiology | 18. Passive immunisation. The risk of the passive immunisation. Flashcards

1
Q

I. Passive immunization
1. What is passive immunization?

A

when the host is provided with preformed antibodies (i.e. not produced by the host)

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2
Q

I. Passive immunization
2. What are the 2 types of passive immunization?

A
  1. Natural Passive immunization
  2. Artificial passive immunization
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3
Q

I. Passive immunization
3A. What are the features of Natural Passive immunization?

A
  1. Transplacental IgG
    - Provides immunity for about 6 months against those that the mother has had
    - Vaccination cannot be given too early, so these antibodies are very useful
  2. Breast feeding: IgA
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4
Q

I. Passive immunization
3B. What are the features of Transplacental IgG?

A
  • Provides immunity for about 6 months against those that the mother has had
  • Vaccination cannot be given too early, so these antibodies are very useful
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5
Q

I. Passive immunization
4A. What is the purpose of Artificial passive immunization?

A
  1. Giving immunoglobulins produced in humans or animals
  2. Used where there is risk for infection, but no time for antibody development
    - Animal bites (rabies)
    - Deep wound contaminated with soil (Tetanus)
    - Contacts with ill people (hepatitis B)
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6
Q

I. Passive immunization
4B. When do we use Artificial passive immunization?

A

Used where there is risk for infection, but no time for antibody development
- Animal bites (rabies)
- Deep wound contaminated with soil (Tetanus)
- Contacts with ill people (hepatitis B)

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7
Q

I. Passive immunization
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Artificial passive immunization?

A
  1. Advantages: immediate protection
  2. Disadvantages:
    - Short-term protection (few weeks)
    - Danger for hypersensitivity
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8
Q

II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
1. What are the 2 Types of Passive Vaccinations?

A
  1. Homologous (human origin)
  2. Heterologous (animal origin)
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9
Q

II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
2A. What are the 2 Types of Homologous(human origin) - Passive Vaccinations?

A
  1. Normal Immunoglobulin
  2. Specific immunoglobulin (IgG)
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10
Q

II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
2B. What are the features of Normal Immunoglobulin?
[Homologous(human origin) - Passive Vaccinations]

A
  • Mixture of many blood donors’ plasma
  • Contains antibodies against the frequent microbes or against microbes with active vaccination
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11
Q

II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
2C. What are the features of Specific immunoglobulin (IgG)?
[Homologous(human origin) - Passive Vaccinations]

A
  • Hyperimmunized persons
  • Persons who just recovered from an infection
  • E.g. TETIG (anti-tetanus) and VZIG (anti-varicella zoster)
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12
Q

II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
3A. What are the features of Heterologous (animal origin) vaccination?

A
  1. From big bodied animals (horse)
  2. Very short clearance (<2 weeks)
  3. Contain foreign proteins
  4. Danger for serum sickness
    - Is the patient allergic (asthma, eczema)?
    - Has the patient received animal serum before?
    - Allergy test first!
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13
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
1. What are the 4 types of hypersensitive reactions in passive immunization?

A
  • Type 1 (Anaphylaxis)
  • Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction)
  • Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction)
  • Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed)
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14
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
2A. What are the features of Type 1 (Anaphylaxis) Hypersensitive reactions?

A
  1. IgE against soluble antigens attack to the surface of mast cells and basophils
    - Produce vasoactive mediators
    - Allergens: drugs, animal hair, pollen
  2. Local reaction: hay fever, asthma, urticaria
  3. Generalized reaction: anaphylactic shock, serum shock
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15
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
2B. What are the examples of local reaction caused by Type 1 (Anaphylaxis) Hypersensitive reactions?

A

Hay fever, asthma, urticaria

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16
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
2C. What are the examples of Generalized reaction caused by Type 1 (Anaphylaxis) Hypersensitive reactions?

A

Generalized reaction: anaphylactic shock, serum shock

17
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
3A. What are the features of Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?

A
  1. Antigen expression on cell surface
  2. IgM and IgG antibodies bind to cell surface
    - Complement mediated cell lysis
    - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  3. E.g. Rheumatic fever (S.pyogenes), Rh incompatibility (blue baby), autoimmune hemolytic
    anemia, Chagas disease (Trypanosoma)
18
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
3B. What are the examples of Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?

A
  • Type 1 (Anaphylaxis)
  • Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction)
  • Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction)
  • Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed)
19
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
4A. What are the features of Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?

A
  • Excess amount of antigen enters causes local inflammation due to deposition in glomerular capillaries of circulating immunocomplexes
  • E.g. Persistance of microbes (acute glomerulonephritis), Autoimmunity (rheumatoid arthritis), serum sickness,
20
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
4A. What are the examples of Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?

A

E.g. Persistance of microbes(acute glomerulonephritis), Autoimmunity (rheumatoid arthritis), serum sickness,

21
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
5A. What are the features of Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed) Hypersensitive reactions?

A
  • T lymphocytes → cytokines, lymphokines → macrophages, mononuclear cells → inflammation, granuloma formation, fibrosis
  • E.g. contact dermatitis (e.g. nickel allergy)
22
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
5B. What are the examples of Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed) Hypersensitive reactions?

A

E.g. contact dermatitis (e.g. nickel allergy)

23
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
6. In a drug allergy, all 4 mechanisms can be involved
=> T/F?

A

TRUE!!!

24
Q

III. Risk of Passive Immunization
7. What are the most important allergens in drug allergy?

A

antibiotics (penicillin), salicylates, barbitals, opitals

AA Microbio Semifinal (99 decks)

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