IA. General Microbiology | 18. Passive immunisation. The risk of the passive immunisation. Flashcards
I. Passive immunization
1. What is passive immunization?
when the host is provided with preformed antibodies (i.e. not produced by the host)
I. Passive immunization
2. What are the 2 types of passive immunization?
- Natural Passive immunization
- Artificial passive immunization
I. Passive immunization
3A. What are the features of Natural Passive immunization?
- Transplacental IgG
- Provides immunity for about 6 months against those that the mother has had
- Vaccination cannot be given too early, so these antibodies are very useful - Breast feeding: IgA
I. Passive immunization
3B. What are the features of Transplacental IgG?
- Provides immunity for about 6 months against those that the mother has had
- Vaccination cannot be given too early, so these antibodies are very useful
I. Passive immunization
4A. What is the purpose of Artificial passive immunization?
- Giving immunoglobulins produced in humans or animals
- Used where there is risk for infection, but no time for antibody development
- Animal bites (rabies)
- Deep wound contaminated with soil (Tetanus)
- Contacts with ill people (hepatitis B)
I. Passive immunization
4B. When do we use Artificial passive immunization?
Used where there is risk for infection, but no time for antibody development
- Animal bites (rabies)
- Deep wound contaminated with soil (Tetanus)
- Contacts with ill people (hepatitis B)
I. Passive immunization
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Artificial passive immunization?
- Advantages: immediate protection
- Disadvantages:
- Short-term protection (few weeks)
- Danger for hypersensitivity
II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
1. What are the 2 Types of Passive Vaccinations?
- Homologous (human origin)
- Heterologous (animal origin)
II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
2A. What are the 2 Types of Homologous(human origin) - Passive Vaccinations?
- Normal Immunoglobulin
- Specific immunoglobulin (IgG)
II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
2B. What are the features of Normal Immunoglobulin?
[Homologous(human origin) - Passive Vaccinations]
- Mixture of many blood donors’ plasma
- Contains antibodies against the frequent microbes or against microbes with active vaccination
II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
2C. What are the features of Specific immunoglobulin (IgG)?
[Homologous(human origin) - Passive Vaccinations]
- Hyperimmunized persons
- Persons who just recovered from an infection
- E.g. TETIG (anti-tetanus) and VZIG (anti-varicella zoster)
II. Types of Passive Vaccinations
3A. What are the features of Heterologous (animal origin) vaccination?
- From big bodied animals (horse)
- Very short clearance (<2 weeks)
- Contain foreign proteins
- Danger for serum sickness
- Is the patient allergic (asthma, eczema)?
- Has the patient received animal serum before?
- Allergy test first!
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
1. What are the 4 types of hypersensitive reactions in passive immunization?
- Type 1 (Anaphylaxis)
- Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction)
- Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction)
- Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed)
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
2A. What are the features of Type 1 (Anaphylaxis) Hypersensitive reactions?
- IgE against soluble antigens attack to the surface of mast cells and basophils
- Produce vasoactive mediators
- Allergens: drugs, animal hair, pollen - Local reaction: hay fever, asthma, urticaria
- Generalized reaction: anaphylactic shock, serum shock
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
2B. What are the examples of local reaction caused by Type 1 (Anaphylaxis) Hypersensitive reactions?
Hay fever, asthma, urticaria
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
2C. What are the examples of Generalized reaction caused by Type 1 (Anaphylaxis) Hypersensitive reactions?
Generalized reaction: anaphylactic shock, serum shock
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
3A. What are the features of Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?
- Antigen expression on cell surface
- IgM and IgG antibodies bind to cell surface
- Complement mediated cell lysis
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) - E.g. Rheumatic fever (S.pyogenes), Rh incompatibility (blue baby), autoimmune hemolytic
anemia, Chagas disease (Trypanosoma)
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
3B. What are the examples of Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?
- Type 1 (Anaphylaxis)
- Type 2 (Cytotoxic reaction)
- Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction)
- Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed)
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
4A. What are the features of Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?
- Excess amount of antigen enters causes local inflammation due to deposition in glomerular capillaries of circulating immunocomplexes
- E.g. Persistance of microbes (acute glomerulonephritis), Autoimmunity (rheumatoid arthritis), serum sickness,
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
4A. What are the examples of Type 3 (Immune Complex Reaction) Hypersensitive reactions?
E.g. Persistance of microbes(acute glomerulonephritis), Autoimmunity (rheumatoid arthritis), serum sickness,
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
5A. What are the features of Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed) Hypersensitive reactions?
- T lymphocytes → cytokines, lymphokines → macrophages, mononuclear cells → inflammation, granuloma formation, fibrosis
- E.g. contact dermatitis (e.g. nickel allergy)
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
5B. What are the examples of Type 4 (Cell mediated or delayed) Hypersensitive reactions?
E.g. contact dermatitis (e.g. nickel allergy)
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
6. In a drug allergy, all 4 mechanisms can be involved
=> T/F?
TRUE!!!
III. Risk of Passive Immunization
7. What are the most important allergens in drug allergy?
antibiotics (penicillin), salicylates, barbitals, opitals
