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AA Microbio Semifinal > II-A. Systemic Bacteriology | 12. Corynebacterium. Listeria monocytogenes > Flashcards

II-A. Systemic Bacteriology | 12. Corynebacterium. Listeria monocytogenes Flashcards

1
Q

I. Corynebacterium
1. What is the natural habit of Corynebacterium?

A

only human pathogens: skin, mucosa

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2
Q

I. Corynebacterium
1. What is the natural habit of Corynebacterium?

A

only human pathogens: skin, mucosa

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3
Q

I. Corynebacterium
2. What is the morphology of Corynebacterium?

A
  1. Slender pleomorphic Gram-positive rods or club
  2. 4 biotypes: gravis, intermedius, belfanti, mitis
  3. non spore forming, non motile
  4. the cell contain metachromatic granules (Babes-Ernst volutin granules)
  5. specific stain: Neisser stain, resembles chines letters
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4
Q

I. Corynebacterium
4. What are the biotypes of Corynebacterium?

A

gravis, intermedius, belfanti, mitis

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5
Q

I. Corynebacterium
5. What are the specific stains for Corynebacterium?

A

Neisser stain, resembles chines letters

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6
Q

I. Corynebacterium
6. Describe the cultivation for Corynebacterium

A

only human pathogens: skin, mucosa

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7
Q

I. Corynebacterium
7. Which culture media should we use for Corynebacterium?

A

Löffler and Clauberg culture media

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8
Q

I. Corynebacterium
8. What is the colony morphology of Corynebacterium?

A
  • gravis: 3-4 mm
  • mitis – small and smooth
  • intermediate
  • belfanti
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9
Q

I. Corynebacterium
9. Explain the pathogenesis of Corynebacterium

A

Early manifestations
- Pseudomembrane formation → ripped off bleeding will occur
+) Inflammatory rxn to the multiplying toxigenic C. diptheriae
+) Fluid and leukocytes move from dilated blood vessels to surround necrotic epithelial cells
+) Fluid clots to enmesh dead cells, leukocytes, diphtheria bacilli, cellular debris

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10
Q

I. Corynebacterium
10A. What is the virulence factor of Corynebacterium?

A

diphtheria toxin - 535-amino acid, 62-kDa
(Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin (poison)

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11
Q

I. Corynebacterium
10B. What are the features of Diphtheria toxin?

A

1/ 3 Domains: A (enzymatic), B (binding), T (translocation)
2/ Result: cell death by apoptosis
3/ TOX gene expression is regulated by the bacterial chromosome

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12
Q

I. Corynebacterium
11A. What are the pathological changes by Corynebacterium?

A

Changes can be in the myocardium, peripheral nerves, and kidneys

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13
Q

I. Corynebacterium
11B. What are the cardiac changes caused by Corynebacterium?

A

fatty degeneration of cardiac muscle (myocarditis)

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14
Q

I. Corynebacterium
11C. What are the neuritic changes caused by Corynebacterium?

A
  • demyelination and degeneration of both sensory and motor nerves
  • nerves to the eye, palate, pharynx, larynx, heart, and limb muscles
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15
Q

I. Corynebacterium
12. How can Corynebacterium spread?

A
  • upper respiratory system – by inhalation
  • skin – direct contact
  • the organism can survive for up to 5 weeks in dust or on fomites
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16
Q

I. Corynebacterium
13A. What are the clinical symptoms of Corynebacterium?

A
  • Mild disease → fatal infection
  • Incubation period of 2-6 days
  • Anterior Nasal
  • Tonsillar → Most common
  • Tracheolaryngeal
  • Malignant
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17
Q

I. Corynebacterium
13B. What are the clinical symptoms in Anterior Nasal caused by Corynebacterium?

A

○ Nasal discharge, initially watery, then purulent and blood stained
○ Nostril may be sore or crusted and a thin pseudomembrane

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18
Q

I. Corynebacterium
13B. What are the clinical symptoms in Tonsillar (faucial) caused by Corynebacterium?

A
  1. Malaise, sore throat, moderate fever
  2. Small, yellowish pseudomembrane on tonsils…few days pass → cover uvula soft palate, nasopharynx or larynx
  3. Cervical lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, and painful dysphagia
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19
Q

I. Corynebacterium
13C. What are the Tracheolaryngeal symptoms caused by Corynebacterium?

A
  • Moderate fever, hoarseness and non-productive cough
  • 1-2days → pseudomembrane and associated edema spread → increasingly dyspnoeic w/
    severe chest recession, cyanosis
  • Tracheostomy
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20
Q

I. Corynebacterium
13D. What are the Malignant symptoms caused by Corynebacterium?

A
  • High fever, tachycardia, hypotension, cyanosis
  • Pseudomembrane moves from tonsils to nasopharynx
  • Gross cervical lymphadenopathy
  • Surrounding edema → bull neck
  • Bleeding from mouth, nose or skin
  • Heart block in a few days
  • Acute renal failure – survival in unlikely
21
Q

I. Corynebacterium
14. How can we diagnose diseases caused by Corynebacterium

A
  1. Send to lab for microscope examination and cultivation
  2. Elek Test → examination of toxin production
  3. Schick test → intradermal
22
Q

I. Corynebacterium
15. What is the therapy for Corynebacterium?

A
  • ampicillin – against bacteria (erythromycin)
  • administration of antitoxin – for neutralising of the toxin
23
Q

I. Corynebacterium
16. How do we prevent Corynebacterium?

A

DTaP active immunisation (toxoid) – since 1938

24
Q

I. Corynebacterium
17. Give example of Diphtheroids

A
25
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
1. What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

● Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis

26
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
2. Give examples of Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • the genus Listeria consists of 10 species
  • Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii – pathogens
  • L. monocytogenes – human pathogen
  • L. ivanovii - animal pathogen
27
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
3. What is the natural habitat of Listeria monocytogenes?

A

It is ubiquitous, in intestine of animals

28
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
4. Describe the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic rod
  • short: 0.4μm×2μm, nonbranching
  • non motile at 37oC - only at room temperature
  • can grow at 1-45oC – cold enrichment
29
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
5. Describe the cultivation of Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  1. incubation time:
    - at 35oC 24-72 hours
    - at 4oC 7-30 days
  2. on blood agar: ß haemolysis
30
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
6. What are biochemical properties of Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • catalase +, can tolerate 10% of NaCl
  • CAMP positive
31
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
7. How do we use Listeria monocytogenes for epidemiological research?

A

serological identification and phagetyping necessary

32
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
8. What are the features and demography of Listeriosis?

A
33
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
9. Describe Pathogenesis and immunity of Listeria monocytogenes

A
34
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
10A. What are the virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  1. internalin - entering in cell
  2. listeriolysin - lysis of phagosome
  3. ActA - polymerization of actines
35
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
10B. What is the role of listeriolysin?

A

lysis of phagosome

36
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
10C. What are the symptoms caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • resembling mild flu
  • meningitis
  • skin infection – animal breeders
37
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
11. How does immunity respond to Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  1. humoral immunity - unimportant (intracellular bacteria)
  2. patients with defects in cellular immunity, but
    not in humoral immunity, are particularly susceptible to severe infections
38
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
13. Explain epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes

A

Epidemiology: Feces of mammals, birds and fish
● Human to human transmission → mother to child in utero or at birth
● Faecal carriage 1% to 5% of healthy people
● Large outbreaks occur with contaminated foods

39
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
14. What are the clinical diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes

A

meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica, endocarditis, GIT problems)

40
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
15. Explain neonatal diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • early onset disease - acquired transplacentally in utero
  • Late-onset disease - acquired at or soon after birth
41
Q

I. Listeria monocytogenes
16. Explain the clinical disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women

A

● 3rd trimester - cellular immunity is most impaired
● Infected women: nonspecific influenza symptoms – may resolve without treatment

42
Q

I. Listeria monocytogenes
17. Explain the clinical disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes in healthy adults

A

● Most common → asymptomatic or mild influenza-like illness
● Acute, self-limited gastroenteritis (fever, headache, nausea, myalgias, and arthralgias)

43
Q

I. Listeria monocytogenes
18. Explain Meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults

A

● Most common form of disseminated listeriosis
● Listeria should be suspected in patients with organ transplants or cancer and in pregnant women

44
Q

I. Listeria monocytogenes
19A. What is the Laboratory Diagnosis for Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • Microscopy
  • Serology
45
Q

I. Listeria monocytogenes
19B. How do we do microscopy in Laboratory Diagnosis for Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • Gram-stain: cerebrospinal fluid usually negative
  • Gram-stain shows intracellular and extracellular gram- positive coccobacilli
46
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
19C. How do we do serology in Laboratory Diagnosis for Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • 13 serotypes: 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b are responsible for most infections
  • serotyping is generally not useful in epidemiologic investigations
  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most commonly used method
47
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
20. How do we treat Listeria monocytogenes?

A

most antibiotics are only bacteriostatic w. L. monocytogenes
● Combination of gentamicin with ampicillin is the treatment of choice
● Naturally resistance: cephalosporins
● Acquired resistance: macrolides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones
● Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is bactericidal

48
Q

II. Listeria monocytogenes
21. Do we have vaccine for Listeria monocytogenes?

A

vaccine is not available

AA Microbio Semifinal (99 decks)

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