II-A. Systemic Bacteriology | 24. Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae Flashcards
I. Mycoplasma
1. What are the general features of Mycoplasma genus?
- pleomorphic bacteria, lack of cell wall, sterols in cell membrane
- natural (intrinsic) resistance to cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics
- fastidious bacteria
I. Mycoplasma
2. What are the important species of Mycoplasma genus?
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
3. What is the route of transmission of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
through respiratory droplets
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
4. What are the diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
diseases: are usually mild
- pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis
- atypical pneumonia (especially in adults)
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
5. What is the pathomechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- attaches to respiratory epithelial cells via its P1 adhesins and inhibits ciliary movement, triggering inflammation
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
6A. What is the diagnosis for diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
diseases: are usually mild
- pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis
- atypical pneumonia (especially in adults)
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
6B. How do we do sampling for disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
sputum (rarely present) or BAL, throat swab, blood (for serology)
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
6C. How do we do laboratory for disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
aboratory: culturing (rarely), PCR
- ELISA (detection of anti-Mycoplasma antibodies 2-3 weeks after the onset of symptoms!)
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
7. What is the therapy for disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
macrolides, tetracyclins, fluoroquinolons
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis
8. What is the feature of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis?
may colonise the genital tracts of females and males
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis
9. What is the route of transmission of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis?
through sexual intercourse
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis
10. What are the diseases caused by Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis?
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis
11. what is the diagnoses for diseases caused by Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis?
- based on clinical signs and symptoms (significance in asymptomatic cases is still a question)
- sampling: cervical swab, urethra swab, semen
- laboratory: culturing, PCR
I. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis
12. what is the empirical therapy for diseases caused by Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis?
- tetracyclins (doxycyclin), fluoroquinolons (levofloxacin), or lincosamids (clindamycin)
II. Chlamydia genus
1. What are the features of Chlamydia genus?
- strict intracellular bacteria
- have LPS, but their cell wall lacks peptidoglycans (considered Gram-negative)
II. Chlamydia genus
2. What is the life cycle of Chlamydia genus?
Complicated life cycle:
- extracellular elementary body infects host cell
=> reticulate bodies and inclusion bodies ar formed in the host cell
=> 1-3 days later new elementery bodies are formed
=> lysis of host cell, release of new elementary bodies
II. Chlamydia genus
3. What are the important species of Chlamydia genus?
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Chlamydia psittaci
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis
4. What are the features of Chlamydia trachomatis?
different serotypes are known ➡ different routes of transmission, different diseases
- A-C serotypes: pathogens of trachoma (chronic conjunctivitis)
- D-K serotypes: pathogens of urogenital infections (discharge, fibrosis, infertility)
- L1-L3 serotypes : pathogens of lymphogranuloma venereum (ulcers, lymphadenopathy)
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - A-C serotypes
5A. What is the route of transmission of A-C serotypes - Chlamydia trachomatis?
through direct contact (or through contaminated water)
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - A-C serotypes
5B. What is the disease caused by A-C serotypes - Chlamydia trachomatis?
Trachoma (chronic, fibrotising conjunctivitis)
- one of the leading causes of blindness in developing regions
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - A-C serotypes
5C. What is the diagnoses for disease caused by A-C serotypes - Chlamydia trachomatis?
- based on clinical signs and symptoms
- sampling: conjunctiva swab
- laboratory: PCR
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - D-K serotypes
6A. What is the route of transmission of D-K serotypes (Chlamydia trachomatis)?
usually through sexual intercourse
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - D-K serotypes
6B. What are the diseases caused by D-K serotypes (Chlamydia trachomatis)?
- males: urethritis, prostatitis, proctitis, conjunctivitis
- females: cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, conjunctivitis
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - D-K serotypes
6C. What is the diagnosis for diseases caused by D-K serotypes (Chlamydia trachomatis)?
- based on clinical signs and symptoms
- sampling: based on clinical symptoms (urethra, cervix, etc)
- laboratory: PCR
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - L1-L2 serotypes
7A What is the the route of transmission of L1-L2 serotypes (Chlamydia trachomatis)?
usually through sexual intercourse
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - L1-L2 serotypes
7B. What is the disease caused by L1-L2 serotypes (Chlamydia trachomatis)?
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis - L1-L2 serotypes
7C. What is the DIAGNOSIS for disease caused by L1-L2 serotypes (Chlamydia trachomatis)?
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia trachomatis
8. What is the EMPIRICAL THERAPY for disease caused by all Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes?
- macrolides (azithromycin)
- tetracyclines (especially in ano-rectal symptoms, or in chronic cases)
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia pneumoniae
9. What is Chlamydia pneumoniae?
respiratory pathogen
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia pneumoniae
10. What is the route of transmission of Chlamydia pneumoniae?
via respiratory droplets
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia pneumoniae
11. What are the diseases caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
pharyngitis, laryngitis, atypical pneumonia
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia pneumoniae
12. What is the diagnoses for the diseases caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia pneumoniae
13. What is the empirical therapy for the diseases caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
- supportive (fluid therapy, O2 / ventillation – if necessary)
- macrolides (azithromycin)
- tetracyclines
- fluoroquinolons (levofloxacin)
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia psittaci
14. What is Chlamydia psittaci?
zoonotic respiratory pathogen
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia psittaci
15. What is the source of infection of Chlamydia psittaci?
birds (poultry, parrots)
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia psittaci
16. What is the disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci?
atypical pneumonia
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia psittaci
17. What is the diagnosis for disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci?
II. Chlamydia genus - Chlamydia psittaci
18. What is the empirical therapy for disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci?
- supportive (fluid therapy, O2 / ventillation – if necessary)
- macrolides (azithromycin)
- tetracyclines
- fluoroquinolons (levofloxacin)