II-A. Systemic Bacteriology | 11. Campylobacter, Helicobacter. Vibrio

Question 1

I. Campylobacter sp.
1. What are the important Campylobacter sp.

Answer 1

C. jejuni, C. coli,C. fetus

Question 2

I. Campylobacter sp.
2. What is the morphology of Campylobacter sp.?

Answer 2

Gram-negative curved rod, monotrichous

Question 3

I. Campylobacter sp.
3. Describe the cultivation of Campylobacter sp.?

Answer 3

microaerofillic (lower tension of O2, 5% of CO2), 42°C, Skirrow agar

Question 4

I. Campylobacter sp.
4. What are the features of Campylobacter sp.?

Answer 4

• Zoonosis: poultry, milk, dog
• Infection of small intestine

Question 5

I. Campylobacter sp.
5. What are virulence factors of Campylobacter sp.?

Answer 5

Question 6

I. Campylobacter sp.

Question 7

I. Campylobacter sp.
5. what is the therapy for Campylobacter sp.?

Answer 7

replacement of lost fluid and electrolytes, erythromycin

Question 8

I. Campylobacter sp.
6. How should we prevent Campylobacter?

Answer 8

proper preparation of food, avoidance of unpasteurized dairy products, preventing contamination of water supply

Question 9

I. Campylobacter sp.
7. Explain the oxidase and catalase test of Campylobacter sp.?

Answer 9

1. Oxidase test: +
   - Test: filter paper on microscope slide, add oxidase reagent, add bacteria → + = pink/purple colour
2. Catalase test: +

Question 10

I. Campylobacter sp.
8. Look at the figure below and then explain

Answer 10

Question 11

I. Campylobacter sp.
9. What are the clinical features of Campylobacter sp.

Answer 11

Question 12

II. Helicobacter
1. What is the important species of Helicobacter

Answer 12

Helicobacter pylori

Question 13

II. Helicobacter
2. What are the main features of Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 13

• spiral bacterium with flagella
• microaerophilic

Question 14

II. Helicobacter
3A. What are the virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori

Answer 14

• urease enzyme production→ locally neutralizes stomach acid
• vacuolation toxin (VacA)→ mucous membrane damage
• endotoxin → inflammation
• proteases, mucinase → mucous membrane damage

Question 15

II. Helicobacter
3B. What is the effect of urease enzyme production?

Answer 15

urease enzyme production→ locally neutralizes stomach acid

Question 16

II. Helicobacter
3C. What is the effect of vacuolation toxin (VacA)?

Answer 16

mucous membrane damage

Question 17

II. Helicobacter
4. What is the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 17

1. gastric ulcer, chronic gastritis, atrophic gastritis
2. adenocarcinoma, MALT-lymphoma (known carcinogenic bacterium!)

Question 18

II. Helicobacter
5. What is the diagnose of Helicobacter pylori based on?

Answer 18

based on clinical signs and symptoms
- Urea breath test (gold standard)
- sampling: biopsy (gastroscopy), stool
- laboratory

Question 19

II. Helicobacter
6. What are

Answer 19

Question 19

II. Helicobacter
6. How should we diagnose Helicobacter based on urea breath test (gold standard)?

Answer 19

• patient drinks urea labeled with carbon isotope
• we measure the level of isotope containing carbon-dioxide in the patient’s breath

Question 20

II. Helicobacter
7. How should we diagnose Helicobacter based on sampling?

Answer 20

sampling: biopsy (gastroscopy), stool

Question 21

II. Helicobacter
8. How should we diagnose Helicobacter based on laboratory?

Answer 21

• culturing (Skirrow-medium; rarely)
• rapid antigen stool test, PCR

Question 22

II. Helicobacter
9. What I s the empirical therapy for Helicobacter

Answer 22

• triple-therapy
• first line: penicillin (amoxicillin) + macrolide (clarithromycin) + PPI for 2 to 3 weeks

Question 23

III. Vibrio genus
1. What are the important species of Vibrio genus?

Answer 23

1. Vibrio cholerae
2. V. vulnificus
3. V. parahaemolyticus

Question 24

III. Vibrio genus 2A. What are the features of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 24

- oxidase-positive - curved, Gram-negative rod with polar flagellum - acid labile (prefers alkaline pH)

Question 25

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2B. What is the source of infection for vibrio cholerae?

Answer 25

infected human feces

Question 26

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2C. What is the route of transmission for vibrio cholerae?

Answer 26

consumption of water or food contaminated with infected human feces

Question 27

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2D. What is the pathomechanism for vibrio cholerae?

Answer 27

choleratoxin production (rybosilates epithelial chloride channels in the small intestines → hypersecretion → diarrhoea)

Question 28

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2E. What is the diseases caused by vibrio cholerae?

Answer 28

Question 29

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2F. How should we diagnose Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 29

diagnosis: based on clinical signs and symptoms * sampling: stool * laboratory: cultivation on TCBS agar (alkalic agar plate)

Question 30

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2G. How should we treat vibrio cholerae

Answer 30

Question 31

III. Vibrio genus - Vibrio cholerae 2H. How should we prevent vibrio cholerae

Answer 31

Question 32

III. Vibrio genus - V. vulnificus 3A. What is the source of infection for V. vulnificus?

Answer 32

salt water, oysters, sea fish

Question 33

III. Vibrio genus - V. vulnificus 3B. What is the route of transmission for V. vulnificus?

Answer 33

direct inoculation, consumption of contaminated food

Question 34

III. Vibrio genus - V. vulnificus 3C. What are the diseases caused by V. vulnificus?

Answer 34

gastroenteritis, wound infections, BSI

Question 35

III. Vibrio genus - V. vulnificus 3D. What is the diagnosis for V. vulnificus?

Answer 35

Question 36

III. Vibrio genus - V. vulnificus 3E. What is the empirical therapy for V. vulnificus?

Answer 36

Cephalosporins, tetracyclins

Question 37

III. Vibrio genus - V. parahaemolyticus 4A. What is the source of infection for V. parahaemolyticus?

Answer 37

salt water, oysters, sea fish

Question 38

III. Vibrio genus - V. parahaemolyticus 4B. What is the transmission route for V. parahaemolyticus?

Answer 38

direct inoculation, consumption of contaminated food

Question 39

III. Vibrio genus - V. parahaemolyticus 4C. What are the diseases caused by V. parahaemolyticus

Answer 39

diseases: gastroenteritis, wound infections * patomechanism: secretory (heat stable) toxin

Question 40

III. Vibrio genus - V. parahaemolyticus 4D. How should we diagnose V. parahaemolyticus?

Answer 40

Question 41

III. Vibrio genus - V. parahaemolyticus 4F. What is the therapy for V. parahaemolyticus?

Answer 41

usually rehydration only (supportive treatment)