IA. General Microbiology | 17. Active immunisation. Obligatory vaccines. Flashcards

1
Q

I. Active immunization
1. What is active immunity?

A

Development of memory T cells (via disease or infection)

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2
Q

I. Active immunization
2. What is active immunization?

A

Artificially induced, acquired, for treatment and protection

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3
Q

I. Active immunization
3. What are the 2 types of active immunization?

A
  • Natural active immunization
  • Artificial active immunization
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4
Q

I. Active immunization
4A. What are the features of natural active immunization?

A
  1. Occurs after an acute or latent infection, and is both humoral and cellular with varying duration of immunity
    - Life-long immunity: rubella yellow fever
    - Short-term immunity: influenza, atypical pneumonia
  2. Antibodies will only be effective against one serotype of the microbe
    - Some pathogens are single type (e.g. mumps virus and morbilli virus)
    - Others with several serotypes (e.g. streptococcus pneumonia (has 94 capsular types)
    - Some pathogens are always changing (e.g. influenza virus, Borrelia, Trypanosoma)
    - So can be infected twice or more because the capsule variation
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5
Q

I. Active immunization
4B. What is an example of life-long immunity?

A

rubella yellow fever

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6
Q

I. Active immunization
4C. What are example(s) of short-term immunity?

A

Short-term immunity: influenza, atypical pneumonia

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7
Q

I. Active immunization
5A. What are the features of artificial immunization?

A

The use of vaccines

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8
Q

I. Active immunization
5B. What are the features of vaccines?

A
  • Immunization is achieved by administering live or dead pathogens or their components
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9
Q

I. Active immunization
5C. Development of vaccines?

A

Vaccines come from the word vacca (cow)
- Jenner created the first vaccine against smallpox using the vaccinia virus
- Eradication of smallpox by vaccination was achieved in 1977

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10
Q

I. Active immunization
5D. What are the requirements of vaccines?

A
  • Should provide sufficient immunity
  • Must be safe and harmless
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11
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
1. What are the 5 types of vaccines?

A
  • Live attenuated pathogen
  • Inactive (killed) pathogen
  • Toxoid
  • Subunit vaccine
  • DNA Vaccine
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12
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
2A. What are the features of Live attenuated pathogen?

A
  • Smaller dose is sufficient
  • Provides good immunity (the entire microbe is used, with all its antigens)
  • Attenuation: chemical or serial passage
  • E.g. BCG or MMR vaccines
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13
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
2B. What are the examples of Live attenuated pathogen?

A

E.g. BCG or MMR vaccines

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14
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
3A. What are the features of Inactive (killed) pathogen?

A
  • No risk of infection
  • Higher amount is needed, with boosters required
  • It will usually not provide life-long immunity
  • Usually only humoral immunity (and no IgA)
  • Microbes inactivated with chemicals or heat treatment
  • E.g. Influenza, Hepatitis A
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15
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
3B. What are the features of Inactive (killed) pathogen?

A

E.g. Influenza, Hepatitis A

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16
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
4A. What are the features of Toxoid?

A
  • Attenuated exotoxins
  • E.g. diphtheria, tetanus
17
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
4B. What are the examples of Toxoid?

A

E.g. diphtheria, tetanus

18
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
5A. What are the features of Subunit vaccine?

A
  1. Only the “protective” antigen is used (surface antigen)
  2. The protective antigens can be:
    - Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (Hib)
    - Viral surface antigens (HBsAg)
    - Synthetic peptides
19
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
5B. What are examples of Subunit vaccine?

A
  • Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (Hib)
  • Viral surface antigens (HBsAg)
  • Synthetic peptides
20
Q

II. Types of Vaccines
6A. What are the features of DNA vaccine?

A

Injecting genetically engineered DNA to produce an immunological response in the host (i.e immunoglobulin production)
- Plasmid DNA is used to alter the gene expression
- Possible usage of this for Malaria treatment in the future

21
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
1. What are the 8 major obligatory vaccines?

A
22
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
2. What are the features of BCG vaccines?

A
  • BCG = Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
  • BCG (against tuberculosis) is the only vaccination given before 4 months because it cannot be passed from mother to child during birth
23
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
3. What are the features of DPTa vaccines?

A
24
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
4. What are the features of IPV vaccines?

A
25
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
5. What are the features of Hib vaccines?

A
26
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
6. What are the features of PCV (pneumococcus conjugate vaccines) vaccines?

A
27
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
7. What are the features of Varicella vaccines?

A
28
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
8. What are the features of MMR vaccines?

A
29
Q

III. Obligatory vaccines
7. What are the features of Hepatitis B vaccines?

A