IA. General Microbiology | 17. Active immunisation. Obligatory vaccines. Flashcards
I. Active immunization
1. What is active immunity?
Development of memory T cells (via disease or infection)
I. Active immunization
2. What is active immunization?
Artificially induced, acquired, for treatment and protection
I. Active immunization
3. What are the 2 types of active immunization?
- Natural active immunization
- Artificial active immunization
I. Active immunization
4A. What are the features of natural active immunization?
- Occurs after an acute or latent infection, and is both humoral and cellular with varying duration of immunity
- Life-long immunity: rubella yellow fever
- Short-term immunity: influenza, atypical pneumonia - Antibodies will only be effective against one serotype of the microbe
- Some pathogens are single type (e.g. mumps virus and morbilli virus)
- Others with several serotypes (e.g. streptococcus pneumonia (has 94 capsular types)
- Some pathogens are always changing (e.g. influenza virus, Borrelia, Trypanosoma)
- So can be infected twice or more because the capsule variation
I. Active immunization
4B. What is an example of life-long immunity?
rubella yellow fever
I. Active immunization
4C. What are example(s) of short-term immunity?
Short-term immunity: influenza, atypical pneumonia
I. Active immunization
5A. What are the features of artificial immunization?
The use of vaccines
I. Active immunization
5B. What are the features of vaccines?
- Immunization is achieved by administering live or dead pathogens or their components
I. Active immunization
5C. Development of vaccines?
Vaccines come from the word vacca (cow)
- Jenner created the first vaccine against smallpox using the vaccinia virus
- Eradication of smallpox by vaccination was achieved in 1977
I. Active immunization
5D. What are the requirements of vaccines?
- Should provide sufficient immunity
- Must be safe and harmless
II. Types of Vaccines
1. What are the 5 types of vaccines?
- Live attenuated pathogen
- Inactive (killed) pathogen
- Toxoid
- Subunit vaccine
- DNA Vaccine
II. Types of Vaccines
2A. What are the features of Live attenuated pathogen?
- Smaller dose is sufficient
- Provides good immunity (the entire microbe is used, with all its antigens)
- Attenuation: chemical or serial passage
- E.g. BCG or MMR vaccines
II. Types of Vaccines
2B. What are the examples of Live attenuated pathogen?
E.g. BCG or MMR vaccines
II. Types of Vaccines
3A. What are the features of Inactive (killed) pathogen?
- No risk of infection
- Higher amount is needed, with boosters required
- It will usually not provide life-long immunity
- Usually only humoral immunity (and no IgA)
- Microbes inactivated with chemicals or heat treatment
- E.g. Influenza, Hepatitis A
II. Types of Vaccines
3B. What are the features of Inactive (killed) pathogen?
E.g. Influenza, Hepatitis A