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Ch 4 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ligand gated?

A

Chemical messenger

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2
Q

What structure is polar?

A

Integral

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3
Q

What structure is nonpolar?

A

Peripheral

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4
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins and carbohydrate chains

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5
Q

What is integral proteins?

A

Embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

What is peripheral protein?

A

Not embedded in lipid bilayer

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7
Q

What is transport proteins?

A

Regulate movements across membrane

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8
Q

Carriers and channels

A

Passive transport, no energy, H->L concentration

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9
Q

What are cell surface receptors?

A

Bind molecules called ligands

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9
Q

Pumps

A

Active transport, energy,
L->H concentration

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10
Q

What are identity markers?

A

Communicate to other cells to know they belong in the body

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11
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Lower the amount of energy needed

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

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13
Q

Anchoring sites

A

inside cell

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14
Q

Cell-adhesion proteins

A

outside the cell

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15
Q

What are pumps purpose?

A

To restore concentration

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16
Q

Carriers are like what?

A

Elevators

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17
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Regulates movement into and out of a cell

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18
Q

What is passive process?

A

Does not require energy, H->L concentration

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19
Q

What is active process?

A

Requires energy, L->H concentration

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20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solutes

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21
Q

What is used in diffusion?

A

Ions and glucose

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22
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Small and nonpolar solutes, no transport proteins

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23
Q

Rate of diffusion depends on?

A

Steepness of concentration gradient and temperature.

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24
What is needed for facilitated diffusion?
Transport proteins
24
What is channel-mediated diffusion?
Ions move through channel
25
What happens in leak channels?
Always open
26
What happens in gated channels?
Usually closed
27
What is voltage gated?
The difference and changes of ions
28
What is mechanically gated?
Physically touch membrane
29
What is carrier-mediated diffusion?
Small polar molecules moved by carrier proteins
30
What is uniporter?
Moving one substance
31
What is osmosis?
Movement of water
32
What is aquaporins?
Protein water channels
33
What are permeable solutes?
Pass through the membrane
34
What are nonpermeable solutes?
Prevent from passing the membrane
35
Greater concentration of solutes...
Lower concentration of water
36
What is tonicity?
Ability to change the volume or pressure of a cell
37
What is isotonic solution?
Equal concentration on both inside and out
38
What is hypotonic solution?
Lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water
39
What is cytosol?
Liquid found inside the cell
40
What is hypertonic?
Higher concentration of solutes, lower concenrtration of water
41
Primary active transport
Energy source from ATP
42
What is secondary active transport?
Energy source from kinetic energy
43
What is symport?
Pumping two materials in same direction
44
What is antiport?
Pumping two materials in opposite directions
45
What is exocytosis?
Vesicle releasing contents from a cell
45
What is vesicular transport?
Moves a lot of things in or out at once
46
What is endocytosis?
Vesicle formed by bringing in materials into the cell
47
What is pinocytosis?
Performed by most cells and form multiple small vesicles
48
What is channel-linked receptors?
Ligands
49
What is enzymatic receptors?
Active proteins
50
What is the G-protein kinase enzymes?
Indirectly activate protein kinase enzymes
51
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Membrane of structure
52
What is the rough ER?
Has ribosomes; important for products of proteins
53
What is the smooth ER?
Important for lipid synthesis; calcium storage
54
What is tight junctions?
Strands of proteins linking to prevent passing
55
What is desmosomes?
Proteins holding onto each other so the epidermic doesn't fall off
56
What is gap junctions?
Moving one cell to another
57
What is the nucleolus?
Composed of proteins and RNA, makes ribosomes
58
What is the nuclear envelope?
Double membrane bound organelle
59
What is DNA composed of?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
60
46 Double-stranded DNA molecules are?
Chromosomes
61
Start codon (DNA) is
AUG
62
Genes code for what?
Proteins
63
First protein for amino acid is what?
MET
64
What happens during mitosis?
Cell division in somatic cells
65
What is somatic cell division?
One cell divides to produce two cells
66
What happens during meiosis?
Cell division in sex cells
67
What is centrosome?
What moves chromosomes
68
What are daughter cells?
Dividing into two identical cells
69
What is G2 phase?
Getting ready for cell division
70
4 Phases in the mitotic phase
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
71
What happens during prophase?
Forming of chromosomes
72
What is interphase?
Majority of cells life
73
What is the G1 phase?
Preparing for reproduction
74
What is S phase?
DNA replication
75
1st step of DNA replication
Unwinding of DNA molecule
76
2nd step of DNA replication
Breaking parent strands apart
77
3rd step of DNA replication
Assembly of new DNA strands
78
4th step of DNA replication
Restoration of DNA double helix
79
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes attach to each other aligning in the middle of the cell
80
What happens during anaphase?
Spindle fibers move separating chromosomes
81
What happens during telophase?
Nuclear division ends and begin to return to chromatin
82
What is cytokinesis?
Division of cytoplasm between two newly formed cells
83
What are the results of cleavage furrow?
Two new daughter cells
84
Cell division is complete after what?
Cytokinesis
85
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death

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