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Ch 4 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ligand gated?

A

Chemical messenger

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2
Q

What structure is polar?

A

Integral

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3
Q

What structure is nonpolar?

A

Peripheral

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4
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins and carbohydrate chains

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5
Q

What is integral proteins?

A

Embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

What is peripheral protein?

A

Not embedded in lipid bilayer

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7
Q

What is transport proteins?

A

Regulate movements across membrane

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8
Q

Carriers and channels

A

Passive transport, no energy, H->L concentration

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9
Q

What are cell surface receptors?

A

Bind molecules called ligands

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9
Q

Pumps

A

Active transport, energy,
L->H concentration

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10
Q

What are identity markers?

A

Communicate to other cells to know they belong in the body

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11
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Lower the amount of energy needed

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

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13
Q

Anchoring sites

A

inside cell

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14
Q

Cell-adhesion proteins

A

outside the cell

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15
Q

What are pumps purpose?

A

To restore concentration

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16
Q

Carriers are like what?

A

Elevators

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17
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Regulates movement into and out of a cell

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18
Q

What is passive process?

A

Does not require energy, H->L concentration

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19
Q

What is active process?

A

Requires energy, L->H concentration

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20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solutes

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21
Q

What is used in diffusion?

A

Ions and glucose

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22
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Small and nonpolar solutes, no transport proteins

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23
Q

Rate of diffusion depends on?

A

Steepness of concentration gradient and temperature.

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24
Q

What is needed for facilitated diffusion?

A

Transport proteins

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24
Q

What is channel-mediated diffusion?

A

Ions move through channel

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25
Q

What happens in leak channels?

A

Always open

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26
Q

What happens in gated channels?

A

Usually closed

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27
Q

What is voltage gated?

A

The difference and changes of ions

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28
Q

What is mechanically gated?

A

Physically touch membrane

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29
Q

What is carrier-mediated diffusion?

A

Small polar molecules moved by carrier proteins

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30
Q

What is uniporter?

A

Moving one substance

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31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water

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32
Q

What is aquaporins?

A

Protein water channels

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33
Q

What are permeable solutes?

A

Pass through the membrane

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34
Q

What are nonpermeable solutes?

A

Prevent from passing the membrane

35
Q

Greater concentration of solutes…

A

Lower concentration of water

36
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Ability to change the volume or pressure of a cell

37
Q

What is isotonic solution?

A

Equal concentration on both inside and out

38
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

Lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water

39
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Liquid found inside the cell

40
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Higher concentration of solutes, lower concenrtration of water

41
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy source from ATP

42
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Energy source from kinetic energy

43
Q

What is symport?

A

Pumping two materials in same direction

44
Q

What is antiport?

A

Pumping two materials in opposite directions

45
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Vesicle releasing contents from a cell

45
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Moves a lot of things in or out at once

46
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Vesicle formed by bringing in materials into the cell

47
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Performed by most cells and form multiple small vesicles

48
Q

What is channel-linked receptors?

49
Q

What is enzymatic receptors?

A

Active proteins

50
Q

What is the G-protein kinase enzymes?

A

Indirectly activate protein kinase enzymes

51
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Membrane of structure

52
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

Has ribosomes; important for products of proteins

53
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

Important for lipid synthesis; calcium storage

54
Q

What is tight junctions?

A

Strands of proteins linking to prevent passing

55
Q

What is desmosomes?

A

Proteins holding onto each other so the epidermic doesn’t fall off

56
Q

What is gap junctions?

A

Moving one cell to another

57
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Composed of proteins and RNA, makes ribosomes

58
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane bound organelle

59
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

60
Q

46 Double-stranded DNA molecules are?

A

Chromosomes

61
Q

Start codon (DNA) is

62
Q

Genes code for what?

63
Q

First protein for amino acid is what?

64
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Cell division in somatic cells

65
Q

What is somatic cell division?

A

One cell divides to produce two cells

66
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Cell division in sex cells

67
Q

What is centrosome?

A

What moves chromosomes

68
Q

What are daughter cells?

A

Dividing into two identical cells

69
Q

What is G2 phase?

A

Getting ready for cell division

70
Q

4 Phases in the mitotic phase

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

71
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Forming of chromosomes

72
Q

What is interphase?

A

Majority of cells life

73
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

Preparing for reproduction

74
Q

What is S phase?

A

DNA replication

75
Q

1st step of DNA replication

A

Unwinding of DNA molecule

76
Q

2nd step of DNA replication

A

Breaking parent strands apart

77
Q

3rd step of DNA replication

A

Assembly of new DNA strands

78
Q

4th step of DNA replication

A

Restoration of DNA double helix

79
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes attach to each other aligning in the middle of the cell

80
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers move separating chromosomes

81
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Nuclear division ends and begin to return to chromatin

82
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm between two newly formed cells

83
Q

What are the results of cleavage furrow?

A

Two new daughter cells

84
Q

Cell division is complete after what?

A

Cytokinesis

85
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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