ch 2 pt 3 Flashcards
What is molarity?
Alters with changes in temperature
What is molality?
Does not alter with changes in temperature
What are osmoles?
The number of particles in a solution
What is osmolarity?
Number of particles in a 1 liter solution
What is osmolality?
Number of particles in 1 kg of water
What is biological macromolecules?
Large organic molecules synthesized by the body
What are hydrocarbons?
Contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
POH
Phosphate
COOH
Carboxyl
OH
Hydroxyl
NH2
Amine
Example of monomers
Lego
What is isomers?
Same formula different structure
Example for polymers
Lego building
What are polymers?
Molecules made of monomers
Carbohydrates contain what?
Monosaccharide monomers
Nucleic acid contains what?
Nucleotide monomers
Proteins contain what?
Amino acid monomers
When does dehydration synthesis occur?
Occurs during the synthesis of biomolecules
When does hydrolysis occur?
Occurs during the breakdown of biomolecules (water is used)
What are lipids?
Diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble molecules
Phospholipids is the
Cell membrane
What are the functions of lipids?
Store energy, cellular membrane components, hormones
Four primary classes of lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
Triglycerides is
Body fat
Steroids is
4 carbon rings
Eicosanoids is
Signal messengers
Triglycerides are used for?
Long-term energy storage
Saturated fats are
Single bonds
Unsaturated fats are
One double bond
Polyunsaturated fats are
Two or more double bonds
What is lipogenesis?
Formation of triglycerides when excess nutrients exist
What is lipolysis?
Breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed
What is phospholipids?
Amphipathic molecules, cell membranes
Form hydrophilic head
Glycerol, phosphate and organic groups are polar
Form hydrophobic tails
Fatty acid group is nonpolar
What are steroids?
4 carbon rings, 3 hexa and 1 penta
What are eicosanoids?
20-carbon fatty acids and cell signals
What does local signaling molecules do?
Tell cells what to do
Most animal fats are
Saturated
Partial hydrogenation may lead to
Trans fats
Most vegetable fats are
Unsaturated
G+G
Matose
Chemical formula for carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
G+Ga
Lactose
What is glucose?
Most common monosaccharide and supplies energy to cells
G+F
Sucrose
Examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen and starch
What is glycogenesis?
Liver and skeletal muscle store excess glucose
What does nucleic acid do?
Store and transfer genetic information
What does neo mean?
New
What does gluco mean?
Glucose
What does genesis mean?
Create
Two classes of nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates ratio
1:2:1
Lipids ratio
No ratio
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic
RNA
Ribonucleic
What are the monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose (isomers)
Chemical formula for lipids
CHO
Pyrimidines
Single-ring bases
3 components of nucleotide monomers
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Purines
Double-ring bases
A is (DNA)
T
A is (RNA)
U
C is (DNA)
G
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
Double-stranded nucleic acid
C is (RNA)
G
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy within cell
T is (RNA)
A
What is ribonucleic acid?
Single-stranded nucleic acid
General protein structure
C, H, COOH, NH2, R group
What is glycoproteins?
Sugar protein complex
What are peptide bonds?
Amino acids are covalently linked
Between 3 and 20 amino acids
Oligopeptide
Between 21 and 199 amino acids
Polypeptide
More than 200 amino acids
Protein
Hate water
Nonpolar amino acids
What do nonpolar amino acids contain?
R groups with hydrogen or hydrocarbons
Love water
Polar and charged amino acids
What do charged amino acids contain?
R groups with a negative or a positive charge
What do polar amino acids contain?
R groups with other elements besides hydrogen or hydrocarbons
What is proline?
Can cause a bend in the protein chain
What is methionine?
First amino during protein synthesis
Example of primary structure
Beads on a string
What is conformation?
Three-dimensional shape of the protein and is the primary structure
Hydrophobic interactions
Nonpolar
Ionic bond interactions
Between negative and positive R groups
Hydrogen bonds interaction
Polar interaction
Globular proteins are
Functional
Fibrous protein are
Structural
What are prosthetic groups?
Nonprotein structures covalently bonded to protein
What is denaturation?
Once you change the structure you can’t go back
Ways you can change the protein
PH, temperature, radiation, chemicals
If you change the structure, you change what?
The function
