ch 2 pt 3 Flashcards by Maya Huggler

What is molarity?

Alters with changes in temperature

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What is molality?

Does not alter with changes in temperature

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What are osmoles?

The number of particles in a solution

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What is osmolarity?

Number of particles in a 1 liter solution

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What is osmolality?

Number of particles in 1 kg of water

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What is biological macromolecules?

Large organic molecules synthesized by the body

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What are hydrocarbons?

Contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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POH

Phosphate

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COOH

Carboxyl

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Hydroxyl

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NH2

Amine

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Example of monomers

Lego

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What is isomers?

Same formula different structure

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Example for polymers

Lego building

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What are polymers?

Molecules made of monomers

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Carbohydrates contain what?

Monosaccharide monomers

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Nucleic acid contains what?

Nucleotide monomers

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Proteins contain what?

Amino acid monomers

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When does dehydration synthesis occur?

Occurs during the synthesis of biomolecules

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When does hydrolysis occur?

Occurs during the breakdown of biomolecules (water is used)

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What are lipids?

Diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble molecules

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Phospholipids is the

Cell membrane

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What are the functions of lipids?

Store energy, cellular membrane components, hormones

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Four primary classes of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

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Triglycerides is

Body fat

Steroids is

4 carbon rings

Eicosanoids is

Signal messengers

Triglycerides are used for?

Long-term energy storage

Saturated fats are

Single bonds

Unsaturated fats are

One double bond

Polyunsaturated fats are

Two or more double bonds

What is lipogenesis?

Formation of triglycerides when excess nutrients exist

What is lipolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed

What is phospholipids?

Amphipathic molecules, cell membranes

Form hydrophilic head

Glycerol, phosphate and organic groups are polar

Form hydrophobic tails

Fatty acid group is nonpolar

What are steroids?

4 carbon rings, 3 hexa and 1 penta

What are eicosanoids?

20-carbon fatty acids and cell signals

What does local signaling molecules do?

Tell cells what to do

Most animal fats are

Saturated

Partial hydrogenation may lead to

Trans fats

Most vegetable fats are

Unsaturated

G+G

Matose

Chemical formula for carbohydrates

(CH2O)n

G+Ga

Lactose

What is glucose?

Most common monosaccharide and supplies energy to cells

G+F

Sucrose

Examples of polysaccharides

Glycogen and starch

What is glycogenesis?

Liver and skeletal muscle store excess glucose

What does nucleic acid do?

Store and transfer genetic information

What does neo mean?

New

What does gluco mean?

Glucose

What does genesis mean?

Create

Two classes of nucleic acid?

DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates ratio

1:2:1

Lipids ratio

No ratio

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic

RNA

Ribonucleic

What are the monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, galactose (isomers)

Chemical formula for lipids

CHO

Pyrimidines

Single-ring bases

3 components of nucleotide monomers

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Purines

Double-ring bases

A is (DNA)

A is (RNA)

C is (DNA)

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

Double-stranded nucleic acid

C is (RNA)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy within cell

T is (RNA)

What is ribonucleic acid?

Single-stranded nucleic acid

General protein structure

C, H, COOH, NH2, R group

What is glycoproteins?

Sugar protein complex

What are peptide bonds?

Amino acids are covalently linked

Between 3 and 20 amino acids

Oligopeptide

Between 21 and 199 amino acids

Polypeptide

More than 200 amino acids

Protein

Hate water

Nonpolar amino acids

What do nonpolar amino acids contain?

R groups with hydrogen or hydrocarbons

Love water

Polar and charged amino acids

What do charged amino acids contain?

R groups with a negative or a positive charge

What do polar amino acids contain?

R groups with other elements besides hydrogen or hydrocarbons

What is proline?

Can cause a bend in the protein chain

What is methionine?

First amino during protein synthesis

Example of primary structure

Beads on a string

What is conformation?

Three-dimensional shape of the protein and is the primary structure

Hydrophobic interactions

Nonpolar

Ionic bond interactions

Between negative and positive R groups

Hydrogen bonds interaction

Polar interaction

Globular proteins are

Functional

Fibrous protein are

Structural

What are prosthetic groups?

Nonprotein structures covalently bonded to protein

What is denaturation?

Once you change the structure you can't go back

Ways you can change the protein

PH, temperature, radiation, chemicals

If you change the structure, you change what?

The function