Ch 1-4 exam CJUS

Question 1

At which stage of the criminal justice process is the person accused informed of the charges and their rights and asked to enter a plea to the charges?

Answer 1

arraignment

Question 2

What is a nolo contendere plea?

Answer 2

The person accused accepts the penalty ordered by the court without admitting guilt.

Question 3

What is another term for when a defendant is found “not guilty”?

Answer 3

acquittal

Question 4

What requires the person convicted to pay compensation to the victim?

Answer 4

restitution

Question 5

People who are incarcerated for 1 year or more typically are housed in what?

Answer 5

state prison

Question 6

If a person is incarcerated for less than a year, where will they likely serve their sentence?

Answer 6

local jail

Question 7

An array of sanctions that fall between probation and incarceration are referred to as what?

Answer 7

intermediate sanctions

Question 8

The conditional release of a person before their full sentence has been served is known as what?

Answer 8

parole

Question 9

Questions regarding whether police officers should receive free food from restaurants or free coffee from convenience stores are what kind of dilemmas?

Answer 9

ethical

Question 10

What describes the “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” crimes and punishments model?

Answer 10

lex talionis

Question 11

What is considered to be the “supreme law of the land?”

Answer 11

U.S. Constitution

Question 12

What is the standard used by jurors to arrive at a verdict in a criminal case?

Answer 12

beyond reasonable doubt

Question 13

Who is the party who is bringing a lawsuit against someone else?

Answer 13

plaintiff

Question 14

What establishes the procedures and mechanisms for processing criminal cases?

Answer 14

procedural law

Question 15

Which term describes when mens rea and actus reus are both present?

Answer 15

concurrence

Question 16

Which term outlines that if a death occurs during the commission of a felony, the defendant will be charged with murder in the first degree?

Answer 16

felony-murder rule

Question 17

Which crime involves taking or attempting to take anything of value from another person by force or threat of force or violence, during which the victim is in fear of injury or death?

Answer 17

robbery

Question 18

Felonies and misdemeanors are often divided into ______ under state laws.

Answer 18

classes

Question 19

Which theorist criticized the injustices in and arbitrariness of the administration of law and punishment and encouraged reforms to make laws more consistent and rational?

Answer 19

Beccaria

Question 20

Cesare Lombroso used which term to describe characteristics of people who offend?

Answer 20

atavistic

Question 21

Until the 18th century, what was thought to be the cause of criminal behavior?

Answer 21

supernatural forces

Question 22

Which refers to the presence of both nature- and nurture-related criminogenic factors as a contributing factor to criminal behavior?

Answer 22

dual hazard prediction

Question 23

______ theorists argue that criminal behavior is related to culture and social class.

Answer 23

Social structure

Question 24

Which term refers to a state of normlessness that is central to strain theory?

Answer 24

anomie

Question 25

Which social process theory notes that people acquire criminal skills and motivations from primary groups, such as family, friends, and peers?

Answer 25

learning theory

Question 26

______ theory assumes that people are born “bad” and must learn to modulate their own behavior in order to be “good.”

Answer 26

Control

Question 27

______ theory is represented by the crime triangle.

Answer 27

Routine activity

Question 28

An officer on patrol happens upon a contractor who is illegally dumping trash in another company's dumpster and accepts a monetary "tip" from the contractor. Which of the following terms describes the officer?

Answer 28

grass-eater

Question 29

An officer determinedly pursues people dealing illegal drugs in her area with the intent to get a cut of their profits rather than to end their illegal activities. The officer would be considered which of the following?

Answer 29

meat-eater

Question 30

The U.S. Supreme Court case of Miller v. Pate (1967) addressed what ethical issue?

Answer 30

prosecutorial misconduct

Question 31

In the correctional officer subculture, “wearing a white hat” describes which type of behavior?

Answer 31

participating in behavior that suggest sympathy toward incarcerated people

Question 32

Which of the following is a reason that a police department might present applicants with hypothetical situations about officer misconduct during oral interviews?

Answer 32

to test their ethics and character

Question 33

Which of the following is considered ethical behavior for a defense attorney?

Answer 33

zealously defending clients, they believe are guilty

Question 34

Which of the following would be considered unethical behavior by a correctional officer?

Answer 34

bringing an incarcerated person cigarettes