Ch 1-4 exam CJUS Flashcards
At which stage of the criminal justice process is the person accused informed of the charges and their rights and asked to enter a plea to the charges?
arraignment
What is a nolo contendere plea?
The person accused accepts the penalty ordered by the court without admitting guilt.
What is another term for when a defendant is found “not guilty”?
acquittal
What requires the person convicted to pay compensation to the victim?
restitution
People who are incarcerated for 1 year or more typically are housed in what?
state prison
If a person is incarcerated for less than a year, where will they likely serve their sentence?
local jail
An array of sanctions that fall between probation and incarceration are referred to as what?
intermediate sanctions
The conditional release of a person before their full sentence has been served is known as what?
parole
Questions regarding whether police officers should receive free food from restaurants or free coffee from convenience stores are what kind of dilemmas?
ethical
What describes the “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” crimes and punishments model?
lex talionis
What is considered to be the “supreme law of the land?”
U.S. Constitution
What is the standard used by jurors to arrive at a verdict in a criminal case?
beyond reasonable doubt
Who is the party who is bringing a lawsuit against someone else?
plaintiff
What establishes the procedures and mechanisms for processing criminal cases?
procedural law
Which term describes when mens rea and actus reus are both present?
concurrence
Which term outlines that if a death occurs during the commission of a felony, the defendant will be charged with murder in the first degree?
felony-murder rule
Which crime involves taking or attempting to take anything of value from another person by force or threat of force or violence, during which the victim is in fear of injury or death?
robbery
Felonies and misdemeanors are often divided into ______ under state laws.
classes
Which theorist criticized the injustices in and arbitrariness of the administration of law and punishment and encouraged reforms to make laws more consistent and rational?
Beccaria
Cesare Lombroso used which term to describe characteristics of people who offend?
atavistic
Until the 18th century, what was thought to be the cause of criminal behavior?
supernatural forces
Which refers to the presence of both nature- and nurture-related criminogenic factors as a contributing factor to criminal behavior?
dual hazard prediction
______ theorists argue that criminal behavior is related to culture and social class.
Social structure
Which term refers to a state of normlessness that is central to strain theory?
anomie
Which social process theory notes that people acquire criminal skills and motivations from primary groups, such as family, friends, and peers?
learning theory
______ theory assumes that people are born “bad” and must learn to modulate their own behavior in order to be “good.”
Control
______ theory is represented by the crime triangle.
Routine activity
An officer on patrol happens upon a contractor who is illegally dumping trash in another company’s dumpster and accepts a monetary “tip” from the contractor. Which of the following terms describes the officer?
grass-eater
An officer determinedly pursues people dealing illegal drugs in her area with the intent to get a cut of their profits rather than to end their illegal activities. The officer would be considered which of the following?
meat-eater
The U.S. Supreme Court case of Miller v. Pate (1967) addressed what ethical issue?
prosecutorial misconduct
In the correctional officer subculture, “wearing a white hat” describes which type of behavior?
participating in behavior that suggest sympathy toward incarcerated people
Which of the following is a reason that a police department might present applicants with hypothetical situations about officer misconduct during oral interviews?
to test their ethics and character
Which of the following is considered ethical behavior for a defense attorney?
zealously defending clients, they believe are guilty
Which of the following would be considered unethical behavior by a correctional officer?
bringing an incarcerated person cigarettes
