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Host and Defense 2020 > Intro to virology Columbo TEST #1 1/9/17 > Flashcards

Intro to virology Columbo TEST #1 1/9/17 Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses typically composed of?

A
  • Nucleic acid (genetic material)

- Protein sheath

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2
Q

What is the entire viral construction outside of a cell referred to as?

A

-Virion

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3
Q

T/F

Viruses have organelles so they can replicate on their own

A

False

-They have no organelles, nor can they replicate on their own

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4
Q

Viruses are what type of parasite?

A

-Obligate intracellular parasites

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5
Q

What is the capsid?

A

-The outer protein sheath of a virus

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6
Q

What are the three shapes of capsids?

A
  • Helical
  • Icosahedral
  • Complex
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7
Q

What type of capsid is roughly spherical?

A

-Icosahedral

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8
Q

What type of capsid is cylindrical?

A

-Helical

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9
Q

What are the three basic functions of the capsid?

A
  • Protect the genetic material of the virus
  • Aid entry into the cell in terms of attachment and or penetration of the cellular membrane
  • Package viral enzymes used in viral replication
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10
Q

T/F

The protein sheath (capsid) helps control the specificity of a virus

A

True

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11
Q

T/F

The capsid is composed of a collection of individual repeating subunits

A

True

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12
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus is what type of virus?

  • Helical
  • Icosahedral
  • Complex
A

Helical

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13
Q

What are the repeating subunits found on an icosahedral virus?

A

-Capsomeres

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14
Q

What are 5-6 individual protein structure called in an icosahedral virus?

A

-Protomer

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15
Q

If a virus pinches part of the host cells lipid membrane what are they said to be?

A

-Enveloped virus

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16
Q

Spikes or envelope proteins are made of what?

A

-Viral glycoproteins

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17
Q

If you have viral glycoproteins embedded in the enveloped virus what are they called?

A

-Spikes or envelope proteins

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18
Q

Enveloped virus typically have a layer of proteins between the capsid and envelope called what?

A

-Tegument or matrix protein

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19
Q

What helps hold the whole envelope virus together?

A

-Tegument or matrix protein

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20
Q

What type of genetic material do viruses contain?

A

-Either DNA or RNA

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21
Q

What does positive sense in terms of an RNA virus indicate?

A

-It can be directly translated into viral proteins (5’ to 3’) (effectively mRNA)

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22
Q

What does negative-sense indicate?

A

-Need to form a complementary strand which then can be translated into viral proteins (3’ to 5’)

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23
Q

What does negative sense viruses often carry within the virion?

A

-RNA dependent polymerase

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24
Q

Define ambisense?

A

-Contains both positive and negative sense RNA on same strand

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25
Q

What does sense refer to in viruses?

A

-The reading (translation) direction of the genetic material

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26
Q

T/F

Viruses use locomotion to reach cells.

A

False

-They depend on collision

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27
Q

Where do viruses attach on the naked virus?

A

-Capsid

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28
Q

T/F

Viruses can also require a co-receptor to enter a cell

A

True

29
Q

What is the eclipse phase?

A

-The virus is inside the host cell and becomes off the immune system radar.

30
Q

What is the process referred to that viruses use to get genetic material into the cell?

A

-Uncoating

31
Q

What are the two pathways that enveloped viruses use to enter the cell?

A
  • Direct fusion

- Viropexis

32
Q

What type of entry does the enveloped virus such as, HIV-1, herpesviruses, or paramyxoviruses use?

A

-Direct fusion

33
Q

What type of entry does influenza, rubella, and rabies viruses use to enter a cell?

A

-Viropexis

34
Q

How do naked viruses typically enter a cell?

A

-Viropexis

35
Q

In order for viruses to transcribe what must it ultimately become?

A

-Sense mRNA (positive RNA)

36
Q

When the viral DNA folds in a way that allows replication to produce a series of repeated viral genomes is termed what?

A

-Concatemer

37
Q

T/F

The location of viral replication determines the enzymes the virus needs to bring with them

A

True

38
Q

What are the two phases of herpesvirus?

A
  • Latent phase

- Lytic phase

39
Q

What is the active replication phase of herpesvirus called?

A

-Lytic phase

40
Q

What is the phase of herpesvirus when it is dormant in a circular configuration within the nucleus?

A

-Latent phase

41
Q

RNA + (sense) viruses have genetic material that allows what?

A

-Directly read by host ribosomes

42
Q

What do RNA + (sense) viruses need to replicate their genetic material?

A

-Make complementary RNA - (antisense)

43
Q

What do RNA - viruses need to make?

A

-Complementary RNA + that can be read by host ribosomes

44
Q

What does RNA - need to pack to make RNA +?

A

-RNA reverse polymerase

45
Q

Where can RNA - viruses replicate?

A
  • Cytoplasm

- Nucleus

46
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

-RNA that reproduce via a DNA intermediate

47
Q

What allows the formation of DNA from RNA?

A

-Reverse transcriptase enzyme

48
Q

What integrates the viral DNA into the host genome?

A

-Viral integrase

49
Q

When the virus is being replicated along with everything else in the cell cycle what is the stage of the virus called?

A

-Provirus

50
Q

What is the term used to describes the insertion of individual viral genomes into individual capsids?

A

-Encapsidation

51
Q

What is the specific site on the viral genome that codes for proteins intended to initiate assembly called?

A

-Packaging site

52
Q

How do naked viruses typically exit the cell?

A

-Lysis or apoptosis

53
Q

How do enveloped viruses typically exit the cell?

A
  • Exocytosis

- Budding from plasma membrane

54
Q

When you have DNA viruses what generates mRNA?

A

-RNA polymerase II of herpes alpha components

55
Q

What are herpes alpha proteins are transcription factors for?

A

-Beta components

56
Q

What is the concatemer cleaved into prior to assembly?

A

-single strand viral genomic DNA

57
Q

What is a group 1 virus?

A

-Double stranded DNA +/-

58
Q

What is a group 2 virus?

A

-Single stranded DNA positive sense

59
Q

What is a group 3 virus?

A

-Double stranded RNA

60
Q

What is a group 4 virus?

A

-Single stranded RNA positive sense

61
Q

What is a group 5 virus?

A

-Single stranded RNA negative sense

62
Q

What is a group 6 virus?

A

-Single stranded RNA positive sense with reverse transcriptase

63
Q

What is a group 7 virus?

A

-Double stranded DNA turned into RNA then reverse transcribed back into DNA

64
Q

In direct fusion what happens with the viral envelope?

A

-Stays at the plasma membrane

65
Q

In direct fusion what happens to the capsid and genetic material?

A

-Enter the cytoplasm

66
Q

What is viropexis similar to?

A

-Receptor mediated endocytosis

67
Q

In Viropexis what happens with the virus?

A

-Binds the receptors on the cell surface ultimately internalizing and dragging the viral capsid along

68
Q

When the virus is brought the cell via viropexis how does the genetic material get released?

A

-The low pH endosomal vesicle causes fusion and release of the nucleocapsid (genetic material) into the cytoplasm

Host and Defense 2020 (61 decks)

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