1/17/17 Smith Intro to antimicrobials TEST #1

Question 1

How many lbs of your total body weight are microbes either in or on your body?

Answer 1

1-3 lbs

Question 2

For every human gene in your body, how many microbial genes are there?

Answer 2

360

Question 3

Define antibiotic?

Answer 3

-Low molecular substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms

Question 4

T/F

All antibiotics are antimicrobials, no all antimicrobials are antibiotics.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Define antimicrobial.

Answer 5

-Any substance of natural (penicillin and alkaloids) , semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Question 6

What is bacteriocidal?

Answer 6

Kills the organisms

Question 7

What is bacteriostatic?

Answer 7

-Stops the organisms from growing

Question 8

T/F

A drugs spectrum of action is the same as its useful therapeutic range

Answer 8

False

It is not the same

Question 9

Why is something classified as a broad spectrum drug?

Answer 9

-Active against wide range of microorganisms

Question 10

Why is something classified as a narrow spectrum drug?

Answer 10

-They are only useful against particular species of microorganisms

Question 11

T/F

There are antimicrobials that are effective against all microbes

Answer 11

False

There are no antimicrobials effective against all microbes

Question 12

T/F

When a patient has a sore throat, fever, or aches and pains it is sufficient alone to prescribe antimicrobials.

Answer 12

False

It is sufficient alone to prescribe

Question 13

When you prescribe an antimicrobial do you want to have a broader spectrum or narrower spectrum?

Answer 13

-Narrow spectrum so you don’t kill the good bacteria

Question 14

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration?

Answer 14

-The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will inhibit the growth of a bacterial strain

Question 15

The more susceptible a drug is on a bacteria what do you look for on a disc diffusion test?

Answer 15

-A larger zone of inhibition

Question 16

What does a broth dilution test determine?

Answer 16

-The MIC and the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)

Question 17

What type of antibiotics usually have similar MIC and MBC values?

Answer 17

-Bactericidal

Question 18

What type of antibiotics have much higher MBC than MIC values?

Answer 18

-Bacteristatic

Question 19

If you have a treatment with an identified pathogen what is it called?

Answer 19

-A definitive treatment

Question 20

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 20

• The relationship of the time course of drug ADME

- What the body does to the drug

Question 21

What is pharmacodynamics

Answer 21

• What the drug does to the body

- Efficacy and Toxicity

Question 22

What are the two goals of choosing a dose regimen?

Answer 22

• Achieve a bactericidal concentration at the site

- Discourage emergence of resistant bacteria

Question 23

At the site of infection what can bind to drugs and thus inactivate some antimicrobial therapies?

Answer 23

• Pus

- Hemoglobin

Question 24

What phase of bacterial growth is most sensitive to antimicrobial intervention?

Answer 24

-Log phase

Question 25

What is a type I drug?

Answer 25

-Concentration -dependence

Question 26

What is a type II drug?

Answer 26

-Time-dependence (dose doesn't matter but you want it in the system longer)

Question 27

What is a type III drug?

Answer 27

-Time-dependent with persistent effects

Question 28

What is the most important factor in a type I drug?

Answer 28

-C max (maximum concentration)

Question 29

T/F | when selectivity is high, the risk of adverse effects are reduced (example cell wall targets in humans)

Answer 29

True

Question 30

If you have an adverse effect on human cells resulting from the same mechanism as the antimicrobial effect what type of adverse effect do you have?

Answer 30

-Analogous

Question 31

T/F | You can have adverse effects independent of antimicrobial action

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What are the two usual routes of clearance of drugs in the body?

Answer 32

- Liver | - Kidney

Question 33

What are four mechanisms of action for antimicrobial therapies?

Answer 33

- Cell wall and cell membrane - Protein synthesis - Inhibition of metabolic pathways - Nucleic acid synthesis

Question 34

What improves efficacy of a drug?

Answer 34

-Synergism

Question 35

What is a superinfection?

Answer 35

-Overgrowth of pathogens resulting from use of antimicrobial drugs

Question 36

T/F | The larger the disruption of the microbiome, the greater the opportunity for pathogens to overgrow

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What are two causes of superinfections?

Answer 37

- Use of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent | - Use of a higher than normal concentration of antimicrobial drug