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Host and Defense 2020 > 1/17/17 Smith Intro to antimicrobials TEST #1 > Flashcards

1/17/17 Smith Intro to antimicrobials TEST #1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many lbs of your total body weight are microbes either in or on your body?

A

1-3 lbs

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2
Q

For every human gene in your body, how many microbial genes are there?

A

360

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3
Q

Define antibiotic?

A

-Low molecular substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms

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4
Q

T/F

All antibiotics are antimicrobials, no all antimicrobials are antibiotics.

A

True

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5
Q

Define antimicrobial.

A

-Any substance of natural (penicillin and alkaloids) , semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

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6
Q

What is bacteriocidal?

A

Kills the organisms

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7
Q

What is bacteriostatic?

A

-Stops the organisms from growing

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8
Q

T/F

A drugs spectrum of action is the same as its useful therapeutic range

A

False

It is not the same

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9
Q

Why is something classified as a broad spectrum drug?

A

-Active against wide range of microorganisms

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10
Q

Why is something classified as a narrow spectrum drug?

A

-They are only useful against particular species of microorganisms

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11
Q

T/F

There are antimicrobials that are effective against all microbes

A

False

There are no antimicrobials effective against all microbes

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12
Q

T/F

When a patient has a sore throat, fever, or aches and pains it is sufficient alone to prescribe antimicrobials.

A

False

It is sufficient alone to prescribe

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13
Q

When you prescribe an antimicrobial do you want to have a broader spectrum or narrower spectrum?

A

-Narrow spectrum so you don’t kill the good bacteria

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14
Q

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration?

A

-The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will inhibit the growth of a bacterial strain

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15
Q

The more susceptible a drug is on a bacteria what do you look for on a disc diffusion test?

A

-A larger zone of inhibition

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16
Q

What does a broth dilution test determine?

A

-The MIC and the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)

17
Q

What type of antibiotics usually have similar MIC and MBC values?

A

-Bactericidal

18
Q

What type of antibiotics have much higher MBC than MIC values?

A

-Bacteristatic

19
Q

If you have a treatment with an identified pathogen what is it called?

A

-A definitive treatment

20
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A
  • The relationship of the time course of drug ADME

- What the body does to the drug

21
Q

What is pharmacodynamics

A
  • What the drug does to the body

- Efficacy and Toxicity

22
Q

What are the two goals of choosing a dose regimen?

A
  • Achieve a bactericidal concentration at the site

- Discourage emergence of resistant bacteria

23
Q

At the site of infection what can bind to drugs and thus inactivate some antimicrobial therapies?

A
  • Pus

- Hemoglobin

24
Q

What phase of bacterial growth is most sensitive to antimicrobial intervention?

A

-Log phase

25
Q

What is a type I drug?

A

-Concentration -dependence

26
Q

What is a type II drug?

A

-Time-dependence (dose doesn’t matter but you want it in the system longer)

27
Q

What is a type III drug?

A

-Time-dependent with persistent effects

28
Q

What is the most important factor in a type I drug?

A

-C max (maximum concentration)

29
Q

T/F

when selectivity is high, the risk of adverse effects are reduced (example cell wall targets in humans)

A

True

30
Q

If you have an adverse effect on human cells resulting from the same mechanism as the antimicrobial effect what type of adverse effect do you have?

A

-Analogous

31
Q

T/F

You can have adverse effects independent of antimicrobial action

A

True

32
Q

What are the two usual routes of clearance of drugs in the body?

A
  • Liver

- Kidney

33
Q

What are four mechanisms of action for antimicrobial therapies?

A
  • Cell wall and cell membrane
  • Protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of metabolic pathways
  • Nucleic acid synthesis
34
Q

What improves efficacy of a drug?

A

-Synergism

35
Q

What is a superinfection?

A

-Overgrowth of pathogens resulting from use of antimicrobial drugs

36
Q

T/F

The larger the disruption of the microbiome, the greater the opportunity for pathogens to overgrow

A

True

37
Q

What are two causes of superinfections?

A
  • Use of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent

- Use of a higher than normal concentration of antimicrobial drug

Host and Defense 2020 (61 decks)

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