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Host and Defense 2020 > 2/16/17 GERMAN Induced Immunity Cells and Cytokines TEST #2 > Flashcards

2/16/17 GERMAN Induced Immunity Cells and Cytokines TEST #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is you classical C3 convertase?

A

-C4b2a

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2
Q

What is your alternative C3 convertase?

A

-C3bBb

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3
Q

What is your classical C5 convertase?

A

-C4b2a3b

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4
Q

What is your alternative C5 convertase?

A

-C3b2Bb

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5
Q

What does C5b ultimately produce?

A

-MAC (Membrane attack complex)

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6
Q

What are parts of the immediate immune response?

A
  • Barriers
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Opsonization
  • Inflammation
  • Cellular recruitment
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7
Q

What are the parts of the induced adaptive immune system?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Targeted killing
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Cytokine release
  • Inflammation
  • Cellular recruitment
  • B and T cell activation
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8
Q

What is the time frame for the induced innate immune response?

A

-4 hours to 4 days

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9
Q

What do Monocytes differentiate into?

A
  • Macrophages

- Dendritic Cells

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10
Q

What do natural killer cells kill?

A

-Cells infected with certain viruses

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11
Q

What innate immune cells respond to parasites?

A
  • Mast cell
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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12
Q

What are four ways that an inflammatory response can be activated?

A
  • Local tissue resident immune cells
  • Complement system
  • Pro-inflammatory signaling
  • Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues
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13
Q

What are four local tissue resident immune cells?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Mast cells
  • Specialized T cells
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14
Q

What are three pro-inflammatory signals?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Eicosanoids
  • Acute phase response
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15
Q

What are two things released from infected, damaged, or diseased tissues?

A
  • Interferon response

- Altered MHC expression

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16
Q

What are macrophages in the brain called?

A

-Microglia

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17
Q

What are macrophages in the bone called?

A

-Osteoclasts

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18
Q

What are macrophages in the liver called?

A

-Kupffer cells

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19
Q

What are macrophages in the skin called?

A

-Langerhan cells

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20
Q

T/F Macrophage cells induce and direct inflammation

A

True

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21
Q

What are four effector mechanisms found in macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Cytokine release
  • Degranulation
  • Antigen presentation
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22
Q

T/F Macrophages activate the adaptive immune system

A

True

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23
Q

Macrophage receptors recognize the cell-surface ________ of bacterial cells but not those of human cells?

A

-Carbohydrates

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24
Q

When macrophages receptors recognize the cell-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells is that extracellular or intracellular?

A

-Extracellular

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25
Q

When a natural killer cell receptor recognizes changes at the surface of human cells that are cause by viral infection is known as extracellular or intracellular?

A

-Intracellular

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26
Q

What does the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) bind for its ligand?

A
  • LPS
  • CPs
  • ManLam
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27
Q

What does the complement receptors 3 and 4 bind for their ligand?

A
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Proteins
  • Beta glucans
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28
Q

What does the Macrophage receptor Dectin-1 bind for its ligand?

A
  • Mycobacterial ligand

- B glucans

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29
Q

What does the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure bind for its ligand?

A
  • LPS

- Proteins

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30
Q

What does Scavenger receptor A bind for its ligand?

A
  • LPS
  • LTA
  • proteins
  • CpG DNA
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31
Q

What does Scavenger receptor B bind for its ligand?

A

-Diacylated lipopeptide

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32
Q

What does Lipopolysaccharide receptor bind for its ligand?

A
  • Peptidoglycan
  • LPS
  • LTA
  • Mannuronic acid
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33
Q

When phagocytosis occurs the bacterium become attached to the membrane regions called what?

A

-Evaginations called pseudopodia

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34
Q

When the bacterium is ingested in phagocytosis what does that form?

A

-Phagosome

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35
Q

What does the phagosome fuse with?

A

-Lysosome

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36
Q

When the phagosome fuses with the lysosome what occurs?

A

-The bacteria is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes

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37
Q

What happens to the digested bacterial products in the phagolysosome?

A

-They are released from the cell

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38
Q

What are three innate phagocytic cells?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Dendritic Cells
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39
Q

What macrophage receptors (PRRs) can bind LPS as a ligand?

A
  • Mannose receptor
  • Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
  • Scavenger receptor A
  • Lipopolysacchardie receptor
40
Q

What are six agents in phagolysosomes and granules that kill pathogens?

A
  • Acidification
  • Toxic oxygen derived products
  • Toxic Nitrogen oxides
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Enzymes
  • Competitors
41
Q

What are 4 externally expressed Toll Like receptors on the plasma membrane?

A
  • Diacyl lipopeptides (TLR-2 and TLR-6)
  • Triacyl lipopeptides (TLR-1 and TLR-2)
  • Flagellin (TLR-5)
  • LPS (TLR-4)
42
Q

What are three TLRs found internally that detect internal infection such as a virus?

A
  • dsRNA (TLR-3)
  • ssRNA (TLR-7)
  • CpG DNA (TLR-9)
43
Q

What does TLR-4 respond to?

A

-LPS

44
Q

What are three TLR’s that recognize RNA viruses?

A
  • 7
  • 8
  • 3
45
Q

What TLR recognizes DNA viruses?

A

-9

46
Q

What TLRs can heterodimerize?

A
  • 1

- 2

47
Q

T/F TLR activation requires dimerization

A

True

48
Q

TLR signaling initiates cytokine production through what?

A

-NF-kB

49
Q

What receptors detect degraded antigens?

A

-Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD)

50
Q

What do NODs form?

A

-Inflammasome

51
Q

What activates and promotes cytokine release?

A

-Inflammasome

52
Q

What are the signaling molecules of the immune system?

A

-Cytokines

53
Q

T/F Most cytokines are soluble

A

True

54
Q

How are cytokines predominately released?

A
  • Paracrine

- Autocrine

55
Q

Macrophages produce pro-inflammatory Cytokines. What are they?

A
  • IL-1B
  • TNF-A
  • IL-6
  • CXCL8
  • IL-12A
56
Q

What pro-inflammatory cytokines activate lymphocytes and vascular endothelium?

A

-IL-1B

57
Q

What pro-inflammatory cytokine increases vascular permeability to increase entry of IgG?

A

-TNF-

58
Q

What systemic effect does IL-1B have?

A
  • Fever

- Production of IL-6

59
Q

What systemic effects does TNF-A have?

A
  • Fever

- Shock

60
Q

What pro-inflammatory cytokine increases antibody production and activates lymphocytes?

A

-IL-6

61
Q

What pro-inflammatory cytokine recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to site of infection?

A

-CXCL8

62
Q

What pro-inflammatory cytokine activates NK cells and induces the differentiation of CD4 cells?

A

-IL-12

63
Q

What systemic effects does IL-6 have?

A
  • Fever

- Induces acute-phase protein production

64
Q

Where are acute phase protein synthesized when IL-6 is produced?

A

-Liver

65
Q

What acute phase proteins recognize pathogens as their function?

A
  • C-reactive Protein
  • Mannose-binding lectin
  • Lipopolysaccharaide-binding proteins
66
Q

What complement components are produced more in the acute phase response started by IL-6?

A
  • C3
  • C4
  • C9
  • factor B
67
Q

Cytokines initiate recruitment of what cell?

A

-Leukocytes

68
Q

What are four Chemokines?

A
  • CL
  • CCL
  • CXCL
  • CX3CL
69
Q

T/F Chemokine receptor activation leads to binding of different leukocytes depending on the Chemokine receptors

A

True

70
Q

When the leukocyte is bound to the endothelial membrane what does that trigger?

A

-Protease release

71
Q

When the leukocyte is bound to the endothelial membrane and proteases are released what happens?

A

-Basement membrane degradation and chemokines induce diapedesis and tissue entry

72
Q

If you have excessive plasma TNF-A what does that cause?

A

-Septic Shock Syndrome

73
Q

What can trigger and excessive release of TNF-A?

A

-Blood-borne infection

74
Q

What is the primary cell of the induced response?

A

-Neutrophils

75
Q

When the neutrophil enters the tissue they become potent pathogen killers, what are their four effector mechanisms?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Degranulation
  • Extracellular traps
  • Cytokine release
76
Q

What are four neutrophil granule types?

A
  • Azurophil
  • Specific
  • Gelatinze
  • Secratory
77
Q

T/F The neutrophil oxidative burst kills pathogens

A

True

78
Q

What is the benefit of a non-lytic trap of a neutrophil?

A

-They are mobile where as lytic traps are immoble

79
Q

What do natural killer cells target and kill?

A

-diseased self cells

80
Q

What do natural killer cells respond to?

A
  • Interferons
  • MHC Class 1
  • Unique stress ligands
81
Q

What do Natural killer cells regulate?

A

-Shift from induced innate to adaptive immune response

82
Q

What does MHC class I do for NK cells?

A

-Inhibits signals from activating receptors

83
Q

What does the interferon response activate?

A

-NK cells

84
Q

What can cause the interferon response?

A

-Viral infections

85
Q

What do the interferons receptors do?

A
  • Reduce viral replication
  • Prevent cell division
  • Induce apoptosis
  • Activate NK cells, T cell, and macrophages
86
Q

What is a type II interferons?

A

-IFN-Gamma

87
Q

What is a type III interferon?

A

-IFN-Lambda

88
Q

What type of interferon drives the differentiation of NK cells into cytotoxic effector cells?

A

-Type I

89
Q

What type of cells locally activate NK cells?

A

-Dendritic Cells

90
Q

If you have a large NK response what is inhibited?

A

-Dendritic Cell presentation (to inhibit the Adaptive immune response from being activated)

91
Q

If you have a small NK response what is activated?

A

-Dendritic cells (to activate the adaptive immune system)

92
Q

What are granulocytes responsible for initiating?

A

Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

93
Q

What do NK cells do that macrophages and neutrophils don’t do?

A

-Target self cells

94
Q

What effector mechanisms to neutrophils do that macrophages and dendritic cells don’t do?

A

-Produce nets

95
Q

What effector mechanisms do dendritic and macrophages do that neutrophils don’t do?

A

-Antigen present

96
Q

What does TLR-5 target?

A

-Flagellins

Host and Defense 2020 (61 decks)

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