2/16/17 GERMAN Induced Immunity Cells and Cytokines TEST #2 Flashcards
What is you classical C3 convertase?
-C4b2a
What is your alternative C3 convertase?
-C3bBb
What is your classical C5 convertase?
-C4b2a3b
What is your alternative C5 convertase?
-C3b2Bb
What does C5b ultimately produce?
-MAC (Membrane attack complex)
What are parts of the immediate immune response?
- Barriers
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Opsonization
- Inflammation
- Cellular recruitment
What are the parts of the induced adaptive immune system?
- Phagocytosis
- Targeted killing
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Cytokine release
- Inflammation
- Cellular recruitment
- B and T cell activation
What is the time frame for the induced innate immune response?
-4 hours to 4 days
What do Monocytes differentiate into?
- Macrophages
- Dendritic Cells
What do natural killer cells kill?
-Cells infected with certain viruses
What innate immune cells respond to parasites?
- Mast cell
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
What are four ways that an inflammatory response can be activated?
- Local tissue resident immune cells
- Complement system
- Pro-inflammatory signaling
- Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues
What are four local tissue resident immune cells?
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Mast cells
- Specialized T cells
What are three pro-inflammatory signals?
- Cytokines
- Eicosanoids
- Acute phase response
What are two things released from infected, damaged, or diseased tissues?
- Interferon response
- Altered MHC expression
What are macrophages in the brain called?
-Microglia
What are macrophages in the bone called?
-Osteoclasts
What are macrophages in the liver called?
-Kupffer cells
What are macrophages in the skin called?
-Langerhan cells
T/F Macrophage cells induce and direct inflammation
True
What are four effector mechanisms found in macrophages?
- Phagocytosis
- Cytokine release
- Degranulation
- Antigen presentation
T/F Macrophages activate the adaptive immune system
True
Macrophage receptors recognize the cell-surface ________ of bacterial cells but not those of human cells?
-Carbohydrates
When macrophages receptors recognize the cell-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells is that extracellular or intracellular?
-Extracellular
When a natural killer cell receptor recognizes changes at the surface of human cells that are cause by viral infection is known as extracellular or intracellular?
-Intracellular
What does the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) bind for its ligand?
- LPS
- CPs
- ManLam
What does the complement receptors 3 and 4 bind for their ligand?
- Oligosaccharides
- Proteins
- Beta glucans
What does the Macrophage receptor Dectin-1 bind for its ligand?
- Mycobacterial ligand
- B glucans
What does the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure bind for its ligand?
- LPS
- Proteins
What does Scavenger receptor A bind for its ligand?
- LPS
- LTA
- proteins
- CpG DNA
What does Scavenger receptor B bind for its ligand?
-Diacylated lipopeptide
What does Lipopolysaccharide receptor bind for its ligand?
- Peptidoglycan
- LPS
- LTA
- Mannuronic acid
When phagocytosis occurs the bacterium become attached to the membrane regions called what?
-Evaginations called pseudopodia
When the bacterium is ingested in phagocytosis what does that form?
-Phagosome
What does the phagosome fuse with?
-Lysosome
When the phagosome fuses with the lysosome what occurs?
-The bacteria is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes
What happens to the digested bacterial products in the phagolysosome?
-They are released from the cell
What are three innate phagocytic cells?
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils
- Dendritic Cells
What macrophage receptors (PRRs) can bind LPS as a ligand?
- Mannose receptor
- Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
- Scavenger receptor A
- Lipopolysacchardie receptor
What are six agents in phagolysosomes and granules that kill pathogens?
- Acidification
- Toxic oxygen derived products
- Toxic Nitrogen oxides
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Enzymes
- Competitors
What are 4 externally expressed Toll Like receptors on the plasma membrane?
- Diacyl lipopeptides (TLR-2 and TLR-6)
- Triacyl lipopeptides (TLR-1 and TLR-2)
- Flagellin (TLR-5)
- LPS (TLR-4)
What are three TLRs found internally that detect internal infection such as a virus?
- dsRNA (TLR-3)
- ssRNA (TLR-7)
- CpG DNA (TLR-9)
What does TLR-4 respond to?
-LPS
What are three TLR’s that recognize RNA viruses?
- 7
- 8
- 3
What TLR recognizes DNA viruses?
-9
What TLRs can heterodimerize?
- 1
- 2
T/F TLR activation requires dimerization
True
TLR signaling initiates cytokine production through what?
-NF-kB
What receptors detect degraded antigens?
-Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD)
What do NODs form?
-Inflammasome
What activates and promotes cytokine release?
-Inflammasome
What are the signaling molecules of the immune system?
-Cytokines
T/F Most cytokines are soluble
True
How are cytokines predominately released?
- Paracrine
- Autocrine
Macrophages produce pro-inflammatory Cytokines. What are they?
- IL-1B
- TNF-A
- IL-6
- CXCL8
- IL-12A
What pro-inflammatory cytokines activate lymphocytes and vascular endothelium?
-IL-1B
What pro-inflammatory cytokine increases vascular permeability to increase entry of IgG?
-TNF-
What systemic effect does IL-1B have?
- Fever
- Production of IL-6
What systemic effects does TNF-A have?
- Fever
- Shock
What pro-inflammatory cytokine increases antibody production and activates lymphocytes?
-IL-6
What pro-inflammatory cytokine recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to site of infection?
-CXCL8
What pro-inflammatory cytokine activates NK cells and induces the differentiation of CD4 cells?
-IL-12
What systemic effects does IL-6 have?
- Fever
- Induces acute-phase protein production
Where are acute phase protein synthesized when IL-6 is produced?
-Liver
What acute phase proteins recognize pathogens as their function?
- C-reactive Protein
- Mannose-binding lectin
- Lipopolysaccharaide-binding proteins
What complement components are produced more in the acute phase response started by IL-6?
- C3
- C4
- C9
- factor B
Cytokines initiate recruitment of what cell?
-Leukocytes
What are four Chemokines?
- CL
- CCL
- CXCL
- CX3CL
T/F Chemokine receptor activation leads to binding of different leukocytes depending on the Chemokine receptors
True
When the leukocyte is bound to the endothelial membrane what does that trigger?
-Protease release
When the leukocyte is bound to the endothelial membrane and proteases are released what happens?
-Basement membrane degradation and chemokines induce diapedesis and tissue entry
If you have excessive plasma TNF-A what does that cause?
-Septic Shock Syndrome
What can trigger and excessive release of TNF-A?
-Blood-borne infection
What is the primary cell of the induced response?
-Neutrophils
When the neutrophil enters the tissue they become potent pathogen killers, what are their four effector mechanisms?
- Phagocytosis
- Degranulation
- Extracellular traps
- Cytokine release
What are four neutrophil granule types?
- Azurophil
- Specific
- Gelatinze
- Secratory
T/F The neutrophil oxidative burst kills pathogens
True
What is the benefit of a non-lytic trap of a neutrophil?
-They are mobile where as lytic traps are immoble
What do natural killer cells target and kill?
-diseased self cells
What do natural killer cells respond to?
- Interferons
- MHC Class 1
- Unique stress ligands
What do Natural killer cells regulate?
-Shift from induced innate to adaptive immune response
What does MHC class I do for NK cells?
-Inhibits signals from activating receptors
What does the interferon response activate?
-NK cells
What can cause the interferon response?
-Viral infections
What do the interferons receptors do?
- Reduce viral replication
- Prevent cell division
- Induce apoptosis
- Activate NK cells, T cell, and macrophages
What is a type II interferons?
-IFN-Gamma
What is a type III interferon?
-IFN-Lambda
What type of interferon drives the differentiation of NK cells into cytotoxic effector cells?
-Type I
What type of cells locally activate NK cells?
-Dendritic Cells
If you have a large NK response what is inhibited?
-Dendritic Cell presentation (to inhibit the Adaptive immune response from being activated)
If you have a small NK response what is activated?
-Dendritic cells (to activate the adaptive immune system)
What are granulocytes responsible for initiating?
Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)
What do NK cells do that macrophages and neutrophils don’t do?
-Target self cells
What effector mechanisms to neutrophils do that macrophages and dendritic cells don’t do?
-Produce nets
What effector mechanisms do dendritic and macrophages do that neutrophils don’t do?
-Antigen present
What does TLR-5 target?
-Flagellins
