Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Host and Defense 2020 > 1/31/17 Mulvey Genetics 2 Pathogenesis TEST #1 > Flashcards

1/31/17 Mulvey Genetics 2 Pathogenesis TEST #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three mechanisms of Horizontal Gene Transfer?

A
  • Bacterial Transformation
  • Bacterial Transduction
  • Bacterial Conjugation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Bacterial Transformation?

A

-DNA is taken up directly by cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If bacteria are able to take up DNA they are said to be what?

A

-Competent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some naturally competent bacteria?

A
  • Bacillus subtilis

- Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is virulent?

A

-Smooth strain because of capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is transduction?

A

-Transfer of DNA mediated by bacteriophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do viruses replicate is Transduction?

A

-Within bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two life cycle phases of the phage?

A
  • Lytic

- Lysogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What carries important fitness and virulence determinants in the phage life cycle?

A

-Prophage in the lysogenic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

-Bacterial sex when one bacteria can make a pilus to grab onto another bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of plasmid contains tra genes for transfer and are capable of conjugation and result in the expression of sex pili?

A

-Fertility F-Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of plasmid contains genes that code for bacteriocins and some of these are also toxic to host cells?

A

-Col plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of plasmid encodes virulence factors and can convert a bacterium into a pathogen?

A

-Virulence plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of plasmids contain genes that provide resistance against antibiotics or poisons?

A

Resistance (R) plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Transposable elements?

A

-DNA elements that move from one place in bacterial DNA to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can transposable elements transfer and disrupt?

A

-Genes to a new location or disrupt genes when they insert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F Transposable elements do not carry virulence and antibiotic resistant genes

A
  • False

- They can carry virulence and antibiotic resistant genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are pathogenicity islands acquired?

A

-Horizontal Gene Transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When the host receives goods and services while bacteria may receive shelter, nutrients, transport and other things what is that known as?

A

-Mutualistic symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is commensalism?

A

-Bacteria benefit while host is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is it known as when damages directly or indirectly affect the host by stimulation of host inflammatory responses?

A

-Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an organism which, under normal circumstances does not cause disease but can be pathogenic under some conditions?

A
  • Opportunists

- Pathobionts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What microbiota is the largest and most studied in the body?

A

-Gastrointestinal

24
Q

T/F You have increasing number and diversity of microbiota as you descend the GI tract

A

True

25
Q

T/F Gastrointestinal microbiota helps to extract energy and nutrients from food we eat

A

True

26
Q

What is colonization resistance?

A

-Microbiota inhibits colonization by newcomers

27
Q

T/F If you take an antibiotic you can kill some of the bacteria in you gut leaving space for other more pathogenic bacteria to grow.

A

True

28
Q

Is clostridium difficle gram positive or negative and anaerobic or aerobic?

A

-Gram positive anaerobe

29
Q

What does clostridium difficile cause pathogenesis?

A

-Only following antibiotic treatment that depresses the rest of the microbiota of the gut

30
Q

What are two antibiotics that clostridium difficile are associated with?

A
  • Clindamycin

- Fluoroquinolones (Cipro)

31
Q

What are three symptoms of Clostridium difficile and Pseudomembranous colitis?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fever
32
Q

What are three reasons that C. difficile can survive antibiotics?

A
  • Resistance genes
  • Biofilm formation
  • Spore formation
33
Q

When do clostridium difficile spores form?

A
  • When there is a shortage of nutrients

- Antibiotic treatments

34
Q

What do the spores multilayered protective coat consist of?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Thick peptioglycan mesh
  • Another cell membrane
  • Wall of Keratin like protein
  • Exosporium
35
Q

How do you kill spores?

A

-Autoclaves

36
Q

T/F Most antibiotics, hand sanitizer, isopropanol/ethanol will not kill spores

A

True

37
Q

What are two medically important spore forming bacteria?

A
  • Clostridium spp

- Bacillus spp.

38
Q

What type of bacteria has nosocomial infections from bacterial spores?

A

-C. difficile

39
Q

T/F the ability to outcompete commensals at many stages facilitate bacterial infection and survival within a host

A

True

40
Q

T/F The attachment to host cells and tissues via adhesions increase the odds of not getting a bacterial infection

A

False

They facilitate bacterial infection and survival

41
Q

What do some bacteria possess that prevent the uptake and destruction by phagocytes?

A

-Virulence factors

42
Q

T/F Bacteria try to survive in the extracellular environment by having the ability to vary surface exposed antigens that allows outgrowth of antigenically novel clones (antigenic variation, phase shifting).

A

True

43
Q

What are three ways that bacteria can survive within extracellular environments?

A
  • Capsule
  • Antigenic variation
  • Secretion of molecules that interfere with host defenses
44
Q

Is Listeria monocytogenes a gram positive or gram negative anaerobe?

A

-Gram positive

45
Q

What are toxins?

A

-Virulence factors that may or may not be excreted that are toxic to human, animal, or plant cells

46
Q

What do toxins cause in the host?

A

-Aberrant activation of host inflammatory responses

47
Q

What do A-B type toxins include?

A

-Single chain and multi subunit toxins

48
Q

What can LPS cause?

A

-Septic Shock

49
Q

Super antigens are what type of toxin?

A

-Exotoxin

50
Q

What do super antigens bind to?

A

-MHC class II

51
Q

When the super antigen forms a bridge between the APC and T cells what does that result in?

A

-Massive outpouring of cytokines

52
Q

What is the most infamous pathogen associated with super antigens?

A

-Staphylococcus aureus

53
Q

What does staphylococcus aureus cause?

A
  • Food poisoning
  • Bacteremia/sepsis
  • Toxic shock syndrome
  • Abscesses
  • Cellulitits
54
Q

T/F Together Hospital acquired MRSA and Community acquire MRSA are responsible for more deaths in US than HIV?

A

True

55
Q

What is the A subunit responsible for in A/B toxins?

A

-Enzymatic activity

56
Q

What is the B subunit responsible for in A/B toxins?

A

-Mediates binding to a specific receptor and transfer of the A subunit across the membrane

Host and Defense 2020 (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions