Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Host and Defense 2020 > 1/30/17 SMITH Antibiotics 1 TEST #1 > Flashcards

1/30/17 SMITH Antibiotics 1 TEST #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of antimicrobial classes that target the cell wall synthesis?

A
  • Beta Lactams
  • Vancomycin
  • Bacitracin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What must the B-lactam drugs bind to, to be effective?

A

-Transpeptidase enzyme (penicillin-binding protein) on the bacteria’s cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What must B-lactam drugs evade to be effective?

A

-Bacterial defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What must B-lactam drugs pentrate to be effective?

A

-Outer cell layers to reach inner cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What must B-lactams keep in their structure to be efective?

A

B-lactam ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What on the B-lactam drugs resembles the D-ala-D-ala end of the peptidie that serves as a substrate for transpeptidase enzymes?

A

B-lactam region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 6 subclasses of B-lactam antimicrobials?

A
  • Natural Penicillins
  • Aminopenicillins
  • Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
  • Anti-Pseudomonal
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems: Impinem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the ultimate goal of the B-lactam antibiotics?

A

-Reach the transpeptidase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the binding of the B-lactam drugs to the transpeptidase penicillin binding proteins prevent?

A

-Transpeptidation (last step in new peptidoglycan (cell wall) synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are B-lactam drugs bacterocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

-Bacterocidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do all B-lactam drugs require?

A

-Active proliferating microorganisms to maximally effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are B-lactam drugs inactive against?

A

-Organisms devoid of peptidoglycans (virus, mycobacteria, and fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of drug is a B-lactam drug?

A

-Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are two examples of Natural Penicillins?

A
  • Penicillin G

- Penicillin V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are natural penicillins highly active against?

A

-Gram + organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are natural penicillins very susceptible to?

A

-Bacterial B-lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are two examples of Aminopenicillins?

A
  • Ampicillin

- Amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did the aminopenicillins add to the penicillins?

A

-An amine group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did the addition of the amino group on the penicllins to create aminopenicillins do for the targets of aminopenicillins?

A

-Extended spectrum to include the Gram - as well as the Gram +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F Aminopenicillins are still susceptible to B-lactamases

A

-True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 4 examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillins (anti-staphylococcal penicillin)?

A
  • Methicillin
  • Nafcillin
  • Oxacillin
  • Dicloxacicillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the Penicillinase resistant penicillins relatively resistant to?

A

-B-lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What penicillinase resistant penicillins is used as a first line treatment of choice for staphylococcal endocarditis?

A

-Nafcillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 3 examples of Anti-Pseudomonal penicillins?

A
  • Monobactams (aztreonam)
  • Ureidopenicillins (piperacillin)
  • Carboxypenicillins (Ticarcillin, indanyl carbenicillum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of bacteria do Anti-Psudomonal penicillins have no activity against?

A
  • Gram +

- Anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Of all the anti-psudomonal penicillins what two have the broadest spectrums of activity?

A
  • Ticarcillin

- Peperacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F Cephalosporins are built on a 7-aminocephalosporanic acid instead of penicillins traditional 6-aminopenecillinic acid

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cephalosporins: Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal

A

Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the broadest antibacterial available?

A

-Carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Of the two natural penicillins what is the only true naturally occurring penicillin?

A

-Penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What separates Penicillin G and Penicillin V?

A

-Penicillin V is acid stable so you can take it orally because the acid won’t chew it up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Are penicillins considered broad or narrow spectrum?

A

-Narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Penicillin G rapidly hydrolyzed by?

A

-Penicillinase enzymes (B-lactamase enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the drug of choice when prolonged low concentrations are required for example syphilis?

A

-Benzathine penicillin (Durapen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the drug of choice for listeria monocytogenes, prophylaxis of infective endocarditis, or treatment of UTIs caused by susceptible enterococci?

A

-Aminopenicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which of the aminopenicillins has a higher oral absorption?

A

-Amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What aminopenicillins has a longer half-life and is less likely to cause adverse GI effects?

A

-Amoxicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What gram - strains does aminopenicillins work against?

A
  • H. influenzae

- Enterics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What aminopenicillins dose-dependently inhibits renal tubular excretions of methotrexate that results in prolonged high serum levels of methotrexate?

A

-Amoxicillin

40
Q

What is the drug of choice for standard prophylactic prevention of bacterial endocarditis?

A

-Oral Amoxicillin

41
Q

What is the alternative drug for prophylactic prevention of bacterial endocarditis if there is a case of non-anaphylactic allergy?

A

-Cephalexin (cephalosporin)

42
Q

What are some alternatives in cases of serious allergy requiring non-B-lactams to do a prophylactic prevention of bacterial endocarditis?

A
  • Clindamycin
  • Azithromycin
  • Clarithromycin
43
Q

What is the drug of choice in patients unable to take oral medication so long as they are not allergic to penicilin?

A

-Ampicillin

44
Q

What is an adverse effect of ampicillin?

A

-Pseudomembranous coliitis

45
Q

Which of the aminopenicillins has better absorption orally and is not influenced by food consumption?

A

-Amoxicillin

46
Q

What type of aminopenicillin can have different effects depending on food consumption?

A

-Ampicillin

47
Q

How is ampicillin primarily delivered?

A

-IV

48
Q

If you have Hydrocortisone and ampicillin delivered at the same time in an IV solution what occurs?

A

-THe Hydrocortisone inactivates the ampicillin

49
Q

What are Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Anti staphylococcal penicillins) active against?

A
  • Staphylococci

- Streptococci

50
Q

T/F The Penicillinase-resistant penicillin (Methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin) are less potent than Pen G

A

True

51
Q

What is the drug of choice for serious S. aureus infetcions (non-MRSA)?

A

-Nafcillin (use Naf for Staph)

52
Q

How are most B-lactams excreted?

A

-Renally

53
Q

If you give a B-lactam drug with probenecid (uric acid reducer to treat gout) what happens to the serum levels and half-lives?

A
  • Increased

- Prolonged

54
Q

What B-lactam drugs do not interact with probenecid?

A

-Nafcillin
-Oxacillin
-Dicloxacillin
(these undergo biliary excretion)

55
Q

How do you administer Anti-psudomonal penicillins?

A

IM or IV

56
Q

What is one of the few antibiotics capable of treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections on mechanical devices such as for ventilation or urinary catheters?

A

-Ticarcillin (Anti-pseudomonal penicillins)

57
Q

What type of Anti-pseudomonal penicillin has the broadest spectrum?

A

-Piperacillin

58
Q

What is a great drug of choice for patients that have IgE-mediated penicillin allergies?

A

-Aztreonam (Monobactams) (Anti-pseudomonal penicillins)

59
Q

What are some common side effects of Penicillins?

A
  • Hypersensitivity (anaphylactic reaction)
  • Confusion
  • Lethargy
  • Twitching
  • Seizures
  • Kidney failure
  • Coma
60
Q

T/F 10% of people are allergic to penicillins and these people are usually cross sensitive to all other B-lactams including cephalosporins

A

True

61
Q

What are 4 B-lactam drugs that are broad spectrum that could lead to superinfections?

A
  • Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
  • Piperacillin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Aztreonam
62
Q

What is the most important drug from the first generation cephalosporins?

A

-Cefazolin

63
Q

What first generation cephalosporin is used for prophylaxis prior to surgery?

A

-Cefazolin

64
Q

What are three 2nd generation cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefaclor
  • Cefoxitin
  • Cefuroxime
65
Q

What 2nd gen cephalosporin drug is used to treat oral sinusitis and otitis caused by H.influenzae?

A

-Cefaclor

66
Q

What 2nd gen cephalosporin has enhanced anaerobe activity and extended B-lactamse resistance?

A

-Cefoxitin

67
Q

What 2nd Gen cephalosporin is unique since it can cross the blood brain barrier?

A

-Cefuroxime

68
Q

What generation has the broadest spectrum of all the cephalosporins and are extremely effective against Gram - organisms?

A

-3rd generation

69
Q

What are three 3rd generation cephalosporin drugs?

A
  • Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
  • Ceftazidime
  • Cefdinir
70
Q

What is unique about the 3rd gen cephalosporin drugs?

A
  • Activity against gram - rods

- Most can cross the Blood Brain Barrier

71
Q

What 3rd gen cephalosporin drug is used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

-Ceftazidime

72
Q

What is an example of a 4th generation cephalosporins?

A

-Cefepime

73
Q

What is an example of a 5th generation cephalosporin?

A

-Ceftaroline

74
Q

What cephalosporin has activity greater that ceftazidime against streptococci and methicillin-susceptible staph?

A

-Cefepime (4th generation)

75
Q

What cephalospring is active against MRSA?

A

-Ceftaroline (5th generation)

76
Q

What drug is the broadest spectrum coverage available to man?

A

-Imipenem

77
Q

What type of drug is very stable in the presence of B-lactamases, including penicillinase and cephalorsporinase that are resistant to most B-lactam antibiotics?

A

-Carbapenems:Imipenem

78
Q

What are four Non-B-lactam antibacterials that are also cell wall inhibitors/disrupters?

A
  • Bacitracin (topical)
  • Vancomycin (IV)
  • Polymyxins
  • Daptomycin (IV)
79
Q

What does vancomycin inhibit cell wall synthesis in?

A

-Gram + bacteria at an earlier stage that B-lactams

80
Q

What drug do you use to treat endocarditis in penicillin allergic patients?

A

-Vancomycin

81
Q

What are the three types of allergic reactions to penicillins/B-lactams?

A
  • Immediate/acute onset
  • Accelerated onset
  • Delayed onset
82
Q

If a patient was given Penicillin VK less that 15 minutes ago and develops laryngeal edema, urticaria, severe hypotension, GU disturbance, bronchoconstriction and shock what does the patient have going on?

A

-Anaphylactic reaction

83
Q

What are Polymyxins bactericidal against?

A

-Gram - bacteria

84
Q

What are Daptomycin bactericidal against?

A

-Gram + bacteria

85
Q

What is the 1st line IV treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis cause by MRSA?

A

-Vancomycin

86
Q

T/F

Vancomycin should be used to treat methicillin-sensitive S. aureus because it is superior to nafcillin

A

False

-Vancomycin is inferior to nafcillin and shouldn’t be used

87
Q

T/F

Vancomycin has traditionally been considered a nephrotoxic and ototoxic drug.

A

True

88
Q

What type of bacteria does Bacitracin disrupt?

A

-Gram + and Gram -

89
Q

Bacitracin is Bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

-Bactericidal

90
Q

Vancomycin is Bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

-Bactericidal

91
Q

What type of bacteria does Vancomycin disrupt?

A

-Gram + but not gram -

92
Q

T/F Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide

A

True

93
Q

What drug causes Red Man Syndrome as an adverse effect?

A

-Vancomycin

94
Q

What drug is active against MRSA and Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus?

A

-Daptomycin

95
Q

What drug can cause myopathy, arthalgia, and eosinophylic pneumonia as adverse effects?

A

-Daptomycin

Host and Defense 2020 (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions