2/9/17 GERMAN Barriers and soluble effectors I TEST #2 Flashcards
T/F Innate immunity is a generalized host defense mechanism that continuously acts from the start of an infection and does not adapt to a specific pathogen or generate immunologic memor
True
What are two systems that are found in the immediate innate system?
- Barriers
- Soluble Effectors
What are two systems that are in the induced innate system?
- Cells
- Cytokines
What are three types of cytokines in the induced innate system?
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- Growth factors
What are CD4 and CD8?
-Cell surface proteins
What are two soluble effectors in the immediate innate system?
- Complement
- Antimicrobial peptides
What are three barriers found in the immediate innate immune system?
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Microbiological
What are two classes of molecular patterns in the innate immune system?
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
What are three innate immune cells that are generally found in the tissues?
- Mast Cells
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
What are four types of PAMPs?
- LPS
- Flagellin
- Mannose sugars
- Unmethylated CpG DNA
What are three types of DAMPs?
- Heat shock proteins
- Fibronectin
- Chromatin
T/F Innate immunity is a system of pattern recognition
True
Dendritic cell PRRs recognize PAMPs is part of the innate initiation of the adaptive response and leads to the activating of what?
- Phagocytosis
- Signaling pathways
When dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes in the innate initiation of adaptive response, what are they carrying with them?
-Intact or degraded pathogens
What do you find in the microbiological barrier in the immediate innate immune system?
-Normal microbiota
What type of barrier are tears and nasal cilia?
-Mechanical barrier
What type of barrier is a pulmonary surfactant?
-Chemical barrier
What do mechanical barrier do?
-Physically block pathogens
T/F The mechanical barrier are passive
False
-They are not passive
What type of barrier do mucosal cells produce?
-Chemical barriers
T/F Lymphoid tissues are integrated into barriers
True
What can happen in lymphoid tissues that are integrated into barriers?
-Localized activation of B and T cells
Every mucosal tissue can have what two functions?
- Secretion
- Motility
What occurs in secretion from the mucosal tissue?
-Trap pathogens
What occurs in the motility from the mucosal tissue?
-Remove pathogens from mucosal surfaces
When a chemical barrier acts on pathogens and uses targeted destruction what is an example of how it does this?
-Lysozymes cleaving peptidoglycans
What are the most common chemical barriers?
- Peptides
- Proteins
Where is the location of lysozymes?
-Mucosal/glandular secretions (tears, saliva, and respiratory tract)
Where is the location of lactoferrin?
-Mucosal/glandular secretions (milk, intestine mucus, nasal/respiratory and urogenital tracts)
What is the location of Defensins?
-Skin, mucosal epithelia (mouth, intestine, nasal/respiratory tract, urogenital tracts)
What type of protein/peptide cleaves glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycans in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis?
-Lysozyme
What type of protein/peptide binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi, disrupts microbial membranes, and limits infectivity of some viruses?
-Lactoferrin
What type of protein/peptide disrupts membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, and viruses; additional toxic effects intracellularly, kill cells and disable viruses (creates pores)?
-Defensins
T/F Defensins are chemical barriers and soluble effectors
True
What are defensins released by?
-Immune and barrier cells
T/F Defensins are constitutive and induced
True
What are two classes of defensins?
- Alpha
- Beta
What class of defensins are made from neutrophils?
-Alpha
What class of defensins are made from epithelial cells?
-Beta
What brings the defensins into the lipid bilayer?
- Electrostatic attraction
- Transmembrane electric field
T/F Defensins act as signaling molecules
True
HNP is what class of defensins?
-Alpha
HBD is what class of defensins?
-Beta
What are neutrophils induced to secrete into the GCF?
-Alpha defensins
The stratified oral epithelium constitutively releases what?
-Beta-defensins
One organisms benefits, the other neither suffers nor benefits is known as what?
-Commensal
Both organisms benefit is known as what?
-Mutualistic
One organism benefits the other suffers is known as what?
-Parasitic
What are three functions that the commensal and mutualistic bacteria perform?
- Protective
- Structural
- Metabolic
T/F Antimicrobial peptides help shape the local gut flora
True
PRRs detect commensal bacteria and prevent what?
-Inflammation
Commensal bacteria can induce what?
- IgA secretion
- Antimicrobial peptide secretion
What type of cells constantly browse mucosal flora?
-Dendritic Cells
What are three pathways of the complement system?
- Classical
- Lectin
- Alternate
T/F An immune surveillance system of plasma proteins that act in cascades to selectively kill extracellular pathogens and diseased tissue, promote inflammation, clear tissue damage, and regulate tissue homeostasis is the complement system
True
Where are most components of the complement system made?
-Liver
T/F Complement is a pattern recognition system?
-True
What are the initiators of the classical pathway?
-Antibody/C1q complexes
What are the initiators of the lectin pathway?
-Mannose-binding lectins
What are the initiators of the alternate pathway?
- C3
- properdin
What do convertase activators do?
-Form convertases, which label pathogens/antigens with C3b and C5b
What do Opsonins do?
-Coat pathogens/antigens and target them for phagocytosis
What do anaphylatoxins do?
-Initiate and promote inflammation
What does the membrane attack complex do?
-Form the MAC pore
What do the complement receptors do?
-Initiate signaling
What do the regulators do?
-Restrict or halt complement activity
When something is opsonized what is its fate?
- Neutralized
- Phagocytized
What is C3 cleaved into?
- C3a
- C3b
What is the small fragment of C3 cleavage?
C3a
What is the large fragment of C3 cleavage?
C3b
What fragment of C3 cleavage has enzyme activity?
-C3b
What fragment of C3 cleavage has signaling activity?
-Both C3a and C3b
What fragment of C3 cleavage has anaphylatoxin activity?
-C3a
What fragment of C3 cleavage has Opsonin activity?
-C3b
