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Host and Defense 2020 > 2/9/17 GERMAN Barriers and soluble effectors I TEST #2 > Flashcards

2/9/17 GERMAN Barriers and soluble effectors I TEST #2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Innate immunity is a generalized host defense mechanism that continuously acts from the start of an infection and does not adapt to a specific pathogen or generate immunologic memor

A

True

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2
Q

What are two systems that are found in the immediate innate system?

A
  • Barriers

- Soluble Effectors

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3
Q

What are two systems that are in the induced innate system?

A
  • Cells

- Cytokines

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4
Q

What are three types of cytokines in the induced innate system?

A
  • Interleukins
  • Chemokines
  • Growth factors
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5
Q

What are CD4 and CD8?

A

-Cell surface proteins

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6
Q

What are two soluble effectors in the immediate innate system?

A
  • Complement

- Antimicrobial peptides

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7
Q

What are three barriers found in the immediate innate immune system?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Microbiological
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8
Q

What are two classes of molecular patterns in the innate immune system?

A
  • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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9
Q

What are three innate immune cells that are generally found in the tissues?

A
  • Mast Cells
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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10
Q

What are four types of PAMPs?

A
  • LPS
  • Flagellin
  • Mannose sugars
  • Unmethylated CpG DNA
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11
Q

What are three types of DAMPs?

A
  • Heat shock proteins
  • Fibronectin
  • Chromatin
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12
Q

T/F Innate immunity is a system of pattern recognition

A

True

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13
Q

Dendritic cell PRRs recognize PAMPs is part of the innate initiation of the adaptive response and leads to the activating of what?

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Signaling pathways

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14
Q

When dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes in the innate initiation of adaptive response, what are they carrying with them?

A

-Intact or degraded pathogens

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15
Q

What do you find in the microbiological barrier in the immediate innate immune system?

A

-Normal microbiota

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16
Q

What type of barrier are tears and nasal cilia?

A

-Mechanical barrier

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17
Q

What type of barrier is a pulmonary surfactant?

A

-Chemical barrier

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18
Q

What do mechanical barrier do?

A

-Physically block pathogens

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19
Q

T/F The mechanical barrier are passive

A

False

-They are not passive

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20
Q

What type of barrier do mucosal cells produce?

A

-Chemical barriers

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21
Q

T/F Lymphoid tissues are integrated into barriers

A

True

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22
Q

What can happen in lymphoid tissues that are integrated into barriers?

A

-Localized activation of B and T cells

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23
Q

Every mucosal tissue can have what two functions?

A
  • Secretion

- Motility

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24
Q

What occurs in secretion from the mucosal tissue?

A

-Trap pathogens

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25
Q

What occurs in the motility from the mucosal tissue?

A

-Remove pathogens from mucosal surfaces

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26
Q

When a chemical barrier acts on pathogens and uses targeted destruction what is an example of how it does this?

A

-Lysozymes cleaving peptidoglycans

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27
Q

What are the most common chemical barriers?

A
  • Peptides

- Proteins

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28
Q

Where is the location of lysozymes?

A

-Mucosal/glandular secretions (tears, saliva, and respiratory tract)

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29
Q

Where is the location of lactoferrin?

A

-Mucosal/glandular secretions (milk, intestine mucus, nasal/respiratory and urogenital tracts)

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30
Q

What is the location of Defensins?

A

-Skin, mucosal epithelia (mouth, intestine, nasal/respiratory tract, urogenital tracts)

31
Q

What type of protein/peptide cleaves glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycans in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis?

A

-Lysozyme

32
Q

What type of protein/peptide binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi, disrupts microbial membranes, and limits infectivity of some viruses?

A

-Lactoferrin

33
Q

What type of protein/peptide disrupts membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, and viruses; additional toxic effects intracellularly, kill cells and disable viruses (creates pores)?

A

-Defensins

34
Q

T/F Defensins are chemical barriers and soluble effectors

A

True

35
Q

What are defensins released by?

A

-Immune and barrier cells

36
Q

T/F Defensins are constitutive and induced

A

True

37
Q

What are two classes of defensins?

A
  • Alpha

- Beta

38
Q

What class of defensins are made from neutrophils?

A

-Alpha

39
Q

What class of defensins are made from epithelial cells?

A

-Beta

40
Q

What brings the defensins into the lipid bilayer?

A
  • Electrostatic attraction

- Transmembrane electric field

41
Q

T/F Defensins act as signaling molecules

A

True

42
Q

HNP is what class of defensins?

A

-Alpha

43
Q

HBD is what class of defensins?

A

-Beta

44
Q

What are neutrophils induced to secrete into the GCF?

A

-Alpha defensins

45
Q

The stratified oral epithelium constitutively releases what?

A

-Beta-defensins

46
Q

One organisms benefits, the other neither suffers nor benefits is known as what?

A

-Commensal

47
Q

Both organisms benefit is known as what?

A

-Mutualistic

48
Q

One organism benefits the other suffers is known as what?

A

-Parasitic

49
Q

What are three functions that the commensal and mutualistic bacteria perform?

A
  • Protective
  • Structural
  • Metabolic
50
Q

T/F Antimicrobial peptides help shape the local gut flora

A

True

51
Q

PRRs detect commensal bacteria and prevent what?

A

-Inflammation

52
Q

Commensal bacteria can induce what?

A
  • IgA secretion

- Antimicrobial peptide secretion

53
Q

What type of cells constantly browse mucosal flora?

A

-Dendritic Cells

54
Q

What are three pathways of the complement system?

A
  • Classical
  • Lectin
  • Alternate
55
Q

T/F An immune surveillance system of plasma proteins that act in cascades to selectively kill extracellular pathogens and diseased tissue, promote inflammation, clear tissue damage, and regulate tissue homeostasis is the complement system

A

True

56
Q

Where are most components of the complement system made?

A

-Liver

57
Q

T/F Complement is a pattern recognition system?

A

-True

58
Q

What are the initiators of the classical pathway?

A

-Antibody/C1q complexes

59
Q

What are the initiators of the lectin pathway?

A

-Mannose-binding lectins

60
Q

What are the initiators of the alternate pathway?

A
  • C3

- properdin

61
Q

What do convertase activators do?

A

-Form convertases, which label pathogens/antigens with C3b and C5b

62
Q

What do Opsonins do?

A

-Coat pathogens/antigens and target them for phagocytosis

63
Q

What do anaphylatoxins do?

A

-Initiate and promote inflammation

64
Q

What does the membrane attack complex do?

A

-Form the MAC pore

65
Q

What do the complement receptors do?

A

-Initiate signaling

66
Q

What do the regulators do?

A

-Restrict or halt complement activity

67
Q

When something is opsonized what is its fate?

A
  • Neutralized

- Phagocytized

68
Q

What is C3 cleaved into?

A
  • C3a

- C3b

69
Q

What is the small fragment of C3 cleavage?

A

C3a

70
Q

What is the large fragment of C3 cleavage?

A

C3b

71
Q

What fragment of C3 cleavage has enzyme activity?

A

-C3b

72
Q

What fragment of C3 cleavage has signaling activity?

A

-Both C3a and C3b

73
Q

What fragment of C3 cleavage has anaphylatoxin activity?

A

-C3a

74
Q

What fragment of C3 cleavage has Opsonin activity?

A

-C3b

Host and Defense 2020 (61 decks)

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