4/20/17 Hypersensitivity GERMAN FINAL TEST

Question 1

What is a severe, immediate, and system-wide harmful immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen known as?

Answer 1

-Anaphylaxis

Question 2

What is an immediate or delayed immune response to innocuous antigens resulting in healthy tissue damage?

Answer 2

-Hypersensitivity

Question 3

What was the first identified hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 3

-Anaphylaxis

Question 4

What types of hypersensitivity reactions are humorally mediated?

Answer 4

• Type I
• Type II
• Type III

Question 5

What type of hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated?

Answer 5

-Type IV

Question 6

In type I hypersensitivity what antibody is associated with it?

Answer 6

-IgE

Question 7

What does type I hypersensitivity lead to?

Answer 7

-Degranulation

Question 8

What does type II hypersensitivity lead to?

Answer 8

• Complement response

- ADCC

Question 9

What does a type III hypersensitivity reaction lead to?

Answer 9

-Antibody complex deposition

Question 10

What does a type IV hypersensitivity reaction lead to?

Answer 10

-T cell sensitization

Question 11

T/F Diseases are restricted to a particular type of hypersensitivity

Answer 11

False

-They can be multiple types of hypersensitivity

Question 12

What is a non-pathogenic antigen that illicit a hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 12

-Allergen

Question 13

What does an allergen bind to in the immune system?

Answer 13

-IgE

Question 14

When you have allergen and IgE complex it activates what cells?

Answer 14

• Mast cells
• Basophils
• Eosinophils

Question 15

T/F Allergens can be inhaled, injected, or ingested materials

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F Type I hypersensitivity has a delayed hypersensitivity response

Answer 16

• False

- Immediate hypersensitivity

Question 17

If a type I hypersensitivity is systemic what can occur?

Answer 17

-Anaphylactic shock

Question 18

If a type I hypersensitivity is localized what are some causes of that?

Answer 18

• Allergic rhinitis (hayfever)
• Allergic asthma
• Eczema
• Food allergies

Question 19

What does Th2 effector cells do for hypersensitivity?

Answer 19

-Release cytokines that lead to recruiting to granulocytes (Degranulate, encapsulate, or removal of parasite out of body)

Question 20

Mast cell degranulation drives what?

Answer 20

-Inflammation

Question 21

What are two toxic mediators that are released from mast cells?

Answer 21

• Histamine

- Heparin

Question 22

What is the effect of histamine and heparin released from mast cells?

Answer 22

• Poison parasites
• Increase vascular permeability
• Cause smooth muscle contraction

Question 23

Mast cells can release TNF-alpha, what does releasing this cytokine do?

Answer 23

• Promote inflammation
• Stimulate cytokine production from many cell types
• Activates endothelium

Question 24

T/F Eosinophil degranulation is unique because it is non-toxic

Answer 24

• False

- Eosinophil degranulation is toxic

Question 25

What enzymes are released from mast cells during degranulation?

Answer 25

- Tryptase - Chymase - Cathepsin G - Carboxypeptidase

Question 26

What enzymes are released from eosinophil degranulation?

Answer 26

- Eosinophil peroxidase | - Eosinophil collagenase

Question 27

What does eosinophil peroxidase do?

Answer 27

- Poison parasites and mammalian cells by catalyzing halogenation - Triggers histamine release from mast cells

Question 28

What are three toxic proteins released during eosinophil degranulation?

Answer 28

- Major basic protein - Eosinophil cationic protein - Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

Question 29

What is the effect of major basic protein?

Answer 29

- Poison parasites | - Trigger histamine release from mast cells

Question 30

What is the effect of eosinophil cationic protein?

Answer 30

- Poison parasites | - Neurotoxin

Question 31

What activates Eosinophil degranulation?

Answer 31

- Mast cells | - Th2 cytokines

Question 32

What do eosinophils express upon activation?

Answer 32

-FCe receptors

Question 33

T/F Eosinophil granule components are highly toxic and promote further inflammation

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What hypothesis describes reduced early developmental immune pressure that causes poor immune education and inappropriate pathogen identification that leads to allergy and autoimmune disorders

Answer 34

-Hygiene hypothesis

Question 35

Development of type I hypersensitivity causes immediate _____________ degranulation.

Answer 35

-Mast cell

Question 36

Does leukocyte migration occur in the early or late response in an allergic reaction?

Answer 36

-Late phase

Question 37

What can halt anaphylactic shock?

Answer 37

-Epinheprine

Question 38

If you have systemic mast cell degranulation what occurs?

Answer 38

-Anaphylactic shock

Question 39

What is repeated exposure to escalating dosages of allergens to reduce Type I responses?

Answer 39

-Hyposensitization

Question 40

What are two ways that therapeutic interventions can resolve type I allergies?

Answer 40

- Desensitization | - Tolerance (More Treg)

Question 41

T/F Antihistamines have no effect on type I hypersensitivity

Answer 41

False | -They are a good treatment for type I

Question 42

Besides antihistamines what are three other treatments for type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 42

- Leukotriene antagonists - Corticosteroids - Immunotherapeutics

Question 43

What antibody is involved in typer II hypersensitivity (immune mediators)?

Answer 43

- IgG mainly | - IgM

Question 44

Drug allergies, Graft rejection, and autoimmunity are what type of hypersensitivity?

Answer 44

-Type II

Question 45

T/F Type II hypersensitivity causes Newborn hemolytic disease

Answer 45

True

Question 46

If an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus what occurs after the first pregnancy?

Answer 46

-Anti-Rh IgG developed

Question 47

If an Rh- carries an Rh+ fetus during a second pregnancy after having an Rh+ baby during the first pregnancy what can happen?

Answer 47

The new Rh+ fetus is targeted by maternal IgG

Question 48

What drugs prevents erythroblastosis fetalis (Mothers IgG targeting the Rh+ fetus)?

Answer 48

-Rhogam

Question 49

What is the immune mediator for type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 49

-Immune complexes

Question 50

When you can't clear immune complexes what type of hypersensitivity to you get?

Answer 50

-Type III

Question 51

What is the immune mediator for type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 51

-T cells

Question 52

What type of hypersensitivity is delayed?

Answer 52

-Type IV

Question 53

What do contacted materials function as in Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 53

-Adjuvants

Question 54

What do contacted materials do to human antigens?

Answer 54

-Chemically modify

Question 55

T/F Pentadecacatechol is an adjuvant

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What are infectious causes that can lead to chronic inflammation?

Answer 56

- Unresolved infection | - Intestinal microbes

Question 57

What are non-infectious causes that lead to chronic inflammation?

Answer 57

- Obesity - Tissue damage - Heart disease and atherosclerosis

Question 58

What leads to chronic inflammation and periodontitis?

Answer 58

-Polymicrobial Dysbiosis

Question 59

What are the keystone pathogens in periodontitis?

Answer 59

- P. gingivalis - T. Denticola - T. forsynthia