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Host and Defense 2020 > 4/20/17 Hypersensitivity GERMAN FINAL TEST > Flashcards

4/20/17 Hypersensitivity GERMAN FINAL TEST Flashcards

1
Q

What is a severe, immediate, and system-wide harmful immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen known as?

A

-Anaphylaxis

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2
Q

What is an immediate or delayed immune response to innocuous antigens resulting in healthy tissue damage?

A

-Hypersensitivity

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3
Q

What was the first identified hypersensitivity reaction?

A

-Anaphylaxis

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4
Q

What types of hypersensitivity reactions are humorally mediated?

A
  • Type I
  • Type II
  • Type III
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5
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated?

A

-Type IV

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6
Q

In type I hypersensitivity what antibody is associated with it?

A

-IgE

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7
Q

What does type I hypersensitivity lead to?

A

-Degranulation

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8
Q

What does type II hypersensitivity lead to?

A
  • Complement response

- ADCC

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9
Q

What does a type III hypersensitivity reaction lead to?

A

-Antibody complex deposition

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10
Q

What does a type IV hypersensitivity reaction lead to?

A

-T cell sensitization

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11
Q

T/F Diseases are restricted to a particular type of hypersensitivity

A

False

-They can be multiple types of hypersensitivity

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12
Q

What is a non-pathogenic antigen that illicit a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

-Allergen

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13
Q

What does an allergen bind to in the immune system?

A

-IgE

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14
Q

When you have allergen and IgE complex it activates what cells?

A
  • Mast cells
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
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15
Q

T/F Allergens can be inhaled, injected, or ingested materials

A

True

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16
Q

T/F Type I hypersensitivity has a delayed hypersensitivity response

A
  • False

- Immediate hypersensitivity

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17
Q

If a type I hypersensitivity is systemic what can occur?

A

-Anaphylactic shock

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18
Q

If a type I hypersensitivity is localized what are some causes of that?

A
  • Allergic rhinitis (hayfever)
  • Allergic asthma
  • Eczema
  • Food allergies
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19
Q

What does Th2 effector cells do for hypersensitivity?

A

-Release cytokines that lead to recruiting to granulocytes (Degranulate, encapsulate, or removal of parasite out of body)

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20
Q

Mast cell degranulation drives what?

A

-Inflammation

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21
Q

What are two toxic mediators that are released from mast cells?

A
  • Histamine

- Heparin

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22
Q

What is the effect of histamine and heparin released from mast cells?

A
  • Poison parasites
  • Increase vascular permeability
  • Cause smooth muscle contraction
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23
Q

Mast cells can release TNF-alpha, what does releasing this cytokine do?

A
  • Promote inflammation
  • Stimulate cytokine production from many cell types
  • Activates endothelium
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24
Q

T/F Eosinophil degranulation is unique because it is non-toxic

A
  • False

- Eosinophil degranulation is toxic

25
Q

What enzymes are released from mast cells during degranulation?

A
  • Tryptase
  • Chymase
  • Cathepsin G
  • Carboxypeptidase
26
Q

What enzymes are released from eosinophil degranulation?

A
  • Eosinophil peroxidase

- Eosinophil collagenase

27
Q

What does eosinophil peroxidase do?

A
  • Poison parasites and mammalian cells by catalyzing halogenation
  • Triggers histamine release from mast cells
28
Q

What are three toxic proteins released during eosinophil degranulation?

A
  • Major basic protein
  • Eosinophil cationic protein
  • Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
29
Q

What is the effect of major basic protein?

A
  • Poison parasites

- Trigger histamine release from mast cells

30
Q

What is the effect of eosinophil cationic protein?

A
  • Poison parasites

- Neurotoxin

31
Q

What activates Eosinophil degranulation?

A
  • Mast cells

- Th2 cytokines

32
Q

What do eosinophils express upon activation?

A

-FCe receptors

33
Q

T/F Eosinophil granule components are highly toxic and promote further inflammation

A

True

34
Q

What hypothesis describes reduced early developmental immune pressure that causes poor immune education and inappropriate pathogen identification that leads to allergy and autoimmune disorders

A

-Hygiene hypothesis

35
Q

Development of type I hypersensitivity causes immediate _____________ degranulation.

A

-Mast cell

36
Q

Does leukocyte migration occur in the early or late response in an allergic reaction?

A

-Late phase

37
Q

What can halt anaphylactic shock?

A

-Epinheprine

38
Q

If you have systemic mast cell degranulation what occurs?

A

-Anaphylactic shock

39
Q

What is repeated exposure to escalating dosages of allergens to reduce Type I responses?

A

-Hyposensitization

40
Q

What are two ways that therapeutic interventions can resolve type I allergies?

A
  • Desensitization

- Tolerance (More Treg)

41
Q

T/F Antihistamines have no effect on type I hypersensitivity

A

False

-They are a good treatment for type I

42
Q

Besides antihistamines what are three other treatments for type I hypersensitivity?

A
  • Leukotriene antagonists
  • Corticosteroids
  • Immunotherapeutics
43
Q

What antibody is involved in typer II hypersensitivity (immune mediators)?

A
  • IgG mainly

- IgM

44
Q

Drug allergies, Graft rejection, and autoimmunity are what type of hypersensitivity?

A

-Type II

45
Q

T/F Type II hypersensitivity causes Newborn hemolytic disease

A

True

46
Q

If an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus what occurs after the first pregnancy?

A

-Anti-Rh IgG developed

47
Q

If an Rh- carries an Rh+ fetus during a second pregnancy after having an Rh+ baby during the first pregnancy what can happen?

A

The new Rh+ fetus is targeted by maternal IgG

48
Q

What drugs prevents erythroblastosis fetalis (Mothers IgG targeting the Rh+ fetus)?

A

-Rhogam

49
Q

What is the immune mediator for type III hypersensitivity?

A

-Immune complexes

50
Q

When you can’t clear immune complexes what type of hypersensitivity to you get?

A

-Type III

51
Q

What is the immune mediator for type IV hypersensitivity?

A

-T cells

52
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is delayed?

A

-Type IV

53
Q

What do contacted materials function as in Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

-Adjuvants

54
Q

What do contacted materials do to human antigens?

A

-Chemically modify

55
Q

T/F Pentadecacatechol is an adjuvant

A

True

56
Q

What are infectious causes that can lead to chronic inflammation?

A
  • Unresolved infection

- Intestinal microbes

57
Q

What are non-infectious causes that lead to chronic inflammation?

A
  • Obesity
  • Tissue damage
  • Heart disease and atherosclerosis
58
Q

What leads to chronic inflammation and periodontitis?

A

-Polymicrobial Dysbiosis

59
Q

What are the keystone pathogens in periodontitis?

A
  • P. gingivalis
  • T. Denticola
  • T. forsynthia

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