3/14/17 CLAYTON Basis of pathology cell response to stress TEST #3 Flashcards
Cause/Etiology —–> ________ ——-> Morphologic changes ———-> __________
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical consequences & prognosis
What is ischemia?
-Lack of oxygen to tissues
Different types of cell adaptations are a response to what?
-Direct cellular injury or stress, or to changing hormonal or chemical signals
What does hyperplasia mean?
-Get more cells
What does Metaplasia mean?
-One type of tissue is replaced by another type of tissue
What does dysplasia mean?
-Disordered hyperplasia without maturation
If you have cardiac hypertrophy what happens to the cells of the heart?
-They get enlarged
What is atrophy?
-Cellular shrinkage or loss
What caused atrophy?
- lack of hormonal signals
- loss of innervation
- Lack of use
- Loss of blood supply
- starvation
- individual cell death
What does cachexia mean?
-fatty atrophy
When is cachexia fatal?
-68% of normal body weight
T/F Hyperplasia can occur with hypertrophy
True
What are five organs that can get hyperplasia?
- BPH (prostate)
- Liver
- Kidney
- breast
- endometrium
What is smoker’s airway an example of?
-Metaplasia
What is Barrett’s esophagus an example of?
-Metaplasia
T/F Dysplasia never happens in the uterine cervix
False
-It does happen
Bowel in inflammatory bowel disease is an example of what?
-Dysplasia
What are two classes of cells that are most prone to injury?
- High metabolic activity cells
- Rapidly proliferating cells
What are three examples of high metabolic activity cells?
- Cardiac myocytes
- Renal tubular cells
- Hepatocytes
What are three examples of rapidly proliferating cells?
- Testicular germ cells
- Intestinal epithelium
- Hematopoietic cells
If you have damage to a cell but it is not enough to kill the cell is it reversible or irreversible damage?
-Reversible
Is toxic liver injury an example of irreversible or reversible damage?
-Reversible
Is mild Acute tubular necrosis an example of reversible or irreversible damage?
-Reversible
If you have a long Ca2+ influx will that cause reversible or irreversible damage?
-Irreversible
How is hypoxia compensated for in the body?
-Anaerobic glycolysis with lactate & acidosis
T/F Apoptosis is associated with inflammation
False
-It is not associated with inflammation
T/F The caspase cascade leads to apoptosis
True
If you have a shriveled cell with a pyknotic nucleus what is happening to the cell?
-Apoptosis
What is a term for uncoordinated cell death?
-Necrosis
What are three early events that occur in necrosis?
- Cell membrane disruption
- Ca 2+ signal
- Loss of ATP
T/F Cells are often swollen in necrosis
True
T/F Gangrene is necrosis of whole anatomic area
True
If cytoplasm is a deeper red, the nuclei are not basophilic what might be happening in the cell?
-Necrosis
What are three nuclear changes in cell death?
- Nuclear pyknosis
- Karyolysis
- Karyorrhexis
What does coagulative necrosis associated with and lead to?
- Ischemia
- Makes infarct
Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?
- Brain
- Lung
What does caseous necrosis cause?
- Necrotizing granulomas
- fungal or TB infection
What is gangrenous necrosis?
-Necrosis of whole anatomic area
If cells often die in large groups to you have apoptosis or necrosis?
-necrosis
Is apoptosis or necrosis always pathologic?
Necrosis
Does apoptosis or necrosis have acute inflammation?
-Necrosis
If you have nuclear pyknosis do you have apoptosis or necrosis?
-Apoptosis
If you have early cell membrane disruption do you have apoptosis or necrosis?
-Necrosis
Alcoholism, obesity, starvation, and toxins are associated what what in the liver?
-Fatty change of liver
What disease is associated with lysosomal accumulation of lipids?
-Gaucher Disease
What is Lipfuscin?
-Degraded lipid in lysosomes
What is bilirubin?
-Hemoglobin breakdown product
What can too much bilirubin cause?
- Jaundice
- Icterus
What is Hemosiderin?
-Iron containing pigment
What is an intracellular protein storage problem pathologists look for?
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Russell bodies in plasma cells
Where do you see anthracosis in the body?
-In or near lungs
What type of calcification occurs in damaged tissue?
-Dystrophic Calcification
What type of calcification occurs into normal tissue?
-Metastatic calcification
Muscles in body builder can lead to which of the following? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy
-Hypertrophy
Uterine cervical premalignant change can lead to which of the following? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy -Atrophy
-Dysplasia
Prostatic enlargement can lead to which of the following? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy
Hyperplasia
