3/14/17 CLAYTON Basis of pathology cell response to stress TEST #3

Question 1

Cause/Etiology —–> ________ ——-> Morphologic changes ———-> __________

Answer 1

• Pathogenesis

- Clinical consequences & prognosis

Question 2

What is ischemia?

Answer 2

-Lack of oxygen to tissues

Question 3

Different types of cell adaptations are a response to what?

Answer 3

-Direct cellular injury or stress, or to changing hormonal or chemical signals

Question 4

What does hyperplasia mean?

Answer 4

-Get more cells

Question 5

What does Metaplasia mean?

Answer 5

-One type of tissue is replaced by another type of tissue

Question 6

What does dysplasia mean?

Answer 6

-Disordered hyperplasia without maturation

Question 7

If you have cardiac hypertrophy what happens to the cells of the heart?

Answer 7

-They get enlarged

Question 8

What is atrophy?

Answer 8

-Cellular shrinkage or loss

Question 9

What caused atrophy?

Answer 9

• lack of hormonal signals
• loss of innervation
• Lack of use
• Loss of blood supply
• starvation
• individual cell death

Question 10

What does cachexia mean?

Answer 10

-fatty atrophy

Question 11

When is cachexia fatal?

Answer 11

-68% of normal body weight

Question 12

T/F Hyperplasia can occur with hypertrophy

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are five organs that can get hyperplasia?

Answer 13

• BPH (prostate)
• Liver
• Kidney
• breast
• endometrium

Question 14

What is smoker’s airway an example of?

Answer 14

-Metaplasia

Question 15

What is Barrett’s esophagus an example of?

Answer 15

-Metaplasia

Question 16

T/F Dysplasia never happens in the uterine cervix

Answer 16

False

-It does happen

Question 17

Bowel in inflammatory bowel disease is an example of what?

Answer 17

-Dysplasia

Question 18

What are two classes of cells that are most prone to injury?

Answer 18

• High metabolic activity cells

- Rapidly proliferating cells

Question 19

What are three examples of high metabolic activity cells?

Answer 19

• Cardiac myocytes
• Renal tubular cells
• Hepatocytes

Question 20

What are three examples of rapidly proliferating cells?

Answer 20

• Testicular germ cells
• Intestinal epithelium
• Hematopoietic cells

Question 21

If you have damage to a cell but it is not enough to kill the cell is it reversible or irreversible damage?

Answer 21

-Reversible

Question 22

Is toxic liver injury an example of irreversible or reversible damage?

Answer 22

-Reversible

Question 23

Is mild Acute tubular necrosis an example of reversible or irreversible damage?

Answer 23

-Reversible

Question 24

If you have a long Ca2+ influx will that cause reversible or irreversible damage?

Answer 24

-Irreversible

Question 25

How is hypoxia compensated for in the body?

Answer 25

-Anaerobic glycolysis with lactate & acidosis

Question 26

T/F Apoptosis is associated with inflammation

Answer 26

False | -It is not associated with inflammation

Question 27

T/F The caspase cascade leads to apoptosis

Answer 27

True

Question 28

If you have a shriveled cell with a pyknotic nucleus what is happening to the cell?

Answer 28

-Apoptosis

Question 29

What is a term for uncoordinated cell death?

Answer 29

-Necrosis

Question 30

What are three early events that occur in necrosis?

Answer 30

- Cell membrane disruption - Ca 2+ signal - Loss of ATP

Question 31

T/F Cells are often swollen in necrosis

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F Gangrene is necrosis of whole anatomic area

Answer 32

True

Question 33

If cytoplasm is a deeper red, the nuclei are not basophilic what might be happening in the cell?

Answer 33

-Necrosis

Question 34

What are three nuclear changes in cell death?

Answer 34

- Nuclear pyknosis - Karyolysis - Karyorrhexis

Question 35

What does coagulative necrosis associated with and lead to?

Answer 35

- Ischemia | - Makes infarct

Question 36

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?

Answer 36

- Brain | - Lung

Question 37

What does caseous necrosis cause?

Answer 37

- Necrotizing granulomas | - fungal or TB infection

Question 38

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 38

-Necrosis of whole anatomic area

Question 39

If cells often die in large groups to you have apoptosis or necrosis?

Answer 39

-necrosis

Question 40

Is apoptosis or necrosis always pathologic?

Answer 40

Necrosis

Question 41

Does apoptosis or necrosis have acute inflammation?

Answer 41

-Necrosis

Question 42

If you have nuclear pyknosis do you have apoptosis or necrosis?

Answer 42

-Apoptosis

Question 43

If you have early cell membrane disruption do you have apoptosis or necrosis?

Answer 43

-Necrosis

Question 44

Alcoholism, obesity, starvation, and toxins are associated what what in the liver?

Answer 44

-Fatty change of liver

Question 45

What disease is associated with lysosomal accumulation of lipids?

Answer 45

-Gaucher Disease

Question 46

What is Lipfuscin?

Answer 46

-Degraded lipid in lysosomes

Question 47

What is bilirubin?

Answer 47

-Hemoglobin breakdown product

Question 48

What can too much bilirubin cause?

Answer 48

- Jaundice | - Icterus

Question 49

What is Hemosiderin?

Answer 49

-Iron containing pigment

Question 50

What is an intracellular protein storage problem pathologists look for?

Answer 50

- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency | - Russell bodies in plasma cells

Question 51

Where do you see anthracosis in the body?

Answer 51

-In or near lungs

Question 52

What type of calcification occurs in damaged tissue?

Answer 52

-Dystrophic Calcification

Question 53

What type of calcification occurs into normal tissue?

Answer 53

-Metastatic calcification

Question 54

``` Muscles in body builder can lead to which of the following? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy ```

Answer 54

-Hypertrophy

Question 55

``` Uterine cervical premalignant change can lead to which of the following? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy -Atrophy ```

Answer 55

-Dysplasia

Question 56

``` Prostatic enlargement can lead to which of the following? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy ```

Answer 56

Hyperplasia