Carcinogens

Question 1

Aflatoxins

Answer 1

• HCC (hepatocelularcarcinoma)

- From Aspergillus and can contaminate grains and rice stores

Question 2

Alkylating Agents

Answer 2

• Leukemia, lymphoma (blood)

- Side effect of chemo (yrs later)

Question 3

Alcohol

Answer 3

• Squamous cell carcinoma or oro-pharynx and UPPER esophagus, pancreas
• HCC (thru cirrhosis)

Question 4

Arsenic

Answer 4

• Squamous cell carcinoma of skin (SCC)
• Lung cancer (in cigs)
• Angiosarcoma of liver

Question 5

Asbestos

Answer 5

• Both lung and mesothelioma cancer

- Patients exposed to asbestos are far more likely to develop lung cancer than mesothelioma

Question 6

Cigarette Smoke

Answer 6

• Carcinoma of oro-pharnx, UPPER esophagus, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer
• Also kidney/bladder (uro-thelium) b/c toxins concentrate here
• # 1 worst chemical is polycyclic hydrocarbons

Question 7

Nitrosamines

Answer 7

• Stomach carcinoma (intestinal type)

- Smoked foods –> high incidence of stomach cancer in Japan

Question 8

Naphthylamine & benzidine (AKA aromatic amines)

Answer 8

• Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

- Derived from cig smoke

Question 9

Vinyl Chloride

Answer 9

• Angiosarcoma of liver

- Occupational exposure b/c vinyl chloride used to make PVC pipes

Question 10

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

Answer 10

• Lung carcinoma

- All occupational exposures

Question 11

EBV

Answer 11

• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Chinese male or African) which quickly travels to neck lymph nodes
• Burkitt lymphoma
• CNS lymphoma in AIDS

Question 12

HHV-8

Answer 12

• Kaposi Sarcoma

- Common in AIDS (treat underlying HIV) and transplant patients (slightly dec immunisuppressant meds)

Question 13

HBV and HCV

Answer 13

• HCC (hepatocellular)

- For HCV must have cirrhosis b/f carcinoma

Question 14

HTLV-1

Answer 14

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

Question 15

HPV

Answer 15

16, 18, 31, 33 - squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix and adenocarcinoma of cervix

Head and neck cancer

Question 16

Ionizing radiation

Answer 16

• papillary carcinoma of thyroid, AML, CML
• Seen in nuclear reactor accidents and radiotherapy
• Generates hydroxy free radicals

Question 17

Non-ionizing radiation (UVB light)

Answer 17

• BCC, SCC and melanoma (all skin)
• Pyrimidine dimers in DNA (too much UV overwhelms normal DNA excisional repair)
• Xeroderma pigmentosum (defect in excision repair)

Question 18

Carbon Tetrachloride

Answer 18

Centrilobular necrosis and fatty change in liver

Question 19

Radon

Answer 19

Lung cancer

Question 20

H Pylori

Answer 20

gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT

Question 21

Liver Fluke (clonorchis sinensis)

Answer 21

Cholangiocarcinoma

Question 22

Schistosoma haematobium

Answer 22

Squamous cell bladder cancer