keywords for theory and methods

Question 1

the enlightment

Answer 1

-philosphical movement challenging tradiitonal religious views

Question 2

modernity

Answer 2

-17th - mid 20th driving in industrilaisation on socio was developed during this period

Question 2

consensus

Answer 2

everyone being in agreement func

Question 3

postmodernity

Answer 3

from 1980s onwards

Question 4

conflict

Answer 4

explain society in terms of groups being fundamnetally in conflict e.g marx and fems

Question 5

structure

Answer 5

-focus on structure of society and its institiutions e.g funcs and marx

Question 6

action

Answer 6

-focuses on interactions and actions of individuals

Question 7

free will

Answer 7

-individuals have choice in their behaviour

Question 8

determinism

Answer 8

-idea that peoples behaviour is moulded by their social surroundings and they have little free will

Question 9

positivism

Answer 9

-believes socio should copy methods of natural sciences

Question 10

interpretivism

Answer 10

-shouldnt be scientfic but aims to understand actions through small scale research

Question 11

micro

Answer 11

-looks at small scale interactions within society(bottom up)

Question 12

macro

Answer 12

-looks at society as a whole (top down)

Question 13

social order

Answer 13

-refers to society which is relatively stable w shared norm/values/agreement

Question 14

functional prerequisites

Answer 14

-basic needs that must be met if society is to survive e.g education

Question 15

collective conscience

Answer 15

-shared beliefs and values which bring communities tg and regulate individual behaviour

Question 16

structural differentiation

Answer 16

-new specialised instituitons take over functions performed by single institiution e.g family cost functions

Question 17

dysfunction

Answer 17

-part of social structure that doesnt contribute to maintence but creates tension instead

Question 18

manifest functions

Answer 18

-merton- recgonise theres inetnded and unintended functions of the action of an individual or instituion

Question 19

latent functions

Answer 19

-unrecognised or unintended outcomes of the action of an individual or institiution

Question 20

new right

Answer 20

-political approach influenced by sociological ideas and gov policies

Question 21

dependency culture

Answer 21

-belief that individuals rely on government for welfare rather than seeking employment

Question 22

economic base

Answer 22

• foundation of society is it’s economic system e.g capitalism

Question 23

superstructure

Answer 23

-institutions in society which help support the economic base

Question 24

means of production

Answer 24

-resources for producing the goods need for society e,g land, factories and machinery

Question 25

bourgeoisie

Answer 25

ruling class

Question 26

proletariat

Answer 26

-working class

Question 27

ideology / ruling class

Answer 27

-sets of ideas transmitted in different ways through the education system

Question 28

false class consciousness

Answer 28

• members of w/c are not aware of their position as exploited workers

Question 29

hegemony

Answer 29

-dominance in society of ruling class set of ideas over others and acceptance of w/c

Question 30

repressive state apparatus

Answer 30

-area of the state which keep people in order in a physical way e,g army, police

Question 31

ideological state apparatus

Answer 31

institutions that spread the ideas of ruling class e.g education