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Clinical Medicine > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones?

A

L: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula
S: somewhat cubed shaped as in the phalanges
F: broad surface for muscular attachment or protection of organs (skull, ribs, shoulder blades)
I: wrist, foot, vertebrae

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2
Q

What are some functions of bones?

A
  1. Protect and support the body and organs
  2. Provides skeletal framework of the body
  3. Storehouse for internal CA++ 99% makeup of bones and PO4 85-90%
  4. Production of blood cells which takes place in the bone marrow
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3
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A

Ball and socket: Shoulder and hip which permits movement in any direction
Hinge: elbow movement along one plane and allows flexion and extension
Condylar: functions like a hinge joint but can rotate slightly

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4
Q

What are some examples of the different types of joints?

A
  1. Condyloid: femur to tibia
  2. Hinge: humerus and ulna
  3. Ball and socket: femur
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5
Q

What is a fracture? Does fracture mean the same as a break?

A
  1. An interruption in normal bone continuity, which is accompanied by soft tissue injury
  2. Yes a break and a fracture mean the same thing
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6
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A
  1. The skin over the bone is intact
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7
Q

What is an open or compound fracture?

A
  1. The skin is not intact overlying the fracture and the bone may be protruding
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8
Q

What are some of the locations of a fracture?

A

Epiphyseal: end of long bones (joints) (worst at healing)
Metaphyseal: flared portion of ends of long bones (best at healing)
Diaphyseal: shaft of long bones

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9
Q

What is an oblique fracture

A
  1. The line of the fracture is angled
    *The length of the fracture line is 2 X the width of the bone
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10
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A
  1. Across the bone, perpendicular to the shaft
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11
Q

What is a longitudinal fracture?

A
  1. Fracture is the length of the bone
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12
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A
  1. Twisting or rotation of bone
    *cause of concern for abuse
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13
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A
  1. The bones is broken in more than 2 places
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14
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A
  1. Fragments driven into each other
    *the bones will be shortened
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15
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A
  1. Fragments not in anatomic alignment
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16
Q

What is a non-displaced fracture?

A
  1. Ends of the bone are touching
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17
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A
  1. The bone is torn away by a ligament or tendon
18
Q

What is a segmental fracture?

A
  1. There is a separate piece of bone with a fracture on each end
19
Q

What is a torus fracture?

A
  1. Buckle fracture of one cortex
    *need two different views to see
    *There will be bumping out of the bone
20
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A
  1. An incomplete fracture mainly in children
21
Q

What is a pathologic fracture?

A
  1. There is a fracture through weakened bone
    *due to osteoporosis,bone cancer, benign cyst in the bone
22
Q

What is an angulated fracture?

A
  1. The fracture fragments are not anatomically aligned
    *The fracture is at an angle
23
Q

What is a distracted fracture?

A
  1. There is a gap between the fragment fractures
    *Common in avulsion fractures
    *need surgery
24
Q

What is a translated fracture?

A
  1. The fractures changed to a different position
    *shifted out of alignment
25
Q

What is the grading system of an open fracture?

A

Type I: <1cm (puncture wound)
Type II: 1-3cm
Type III: >3cm

26
Q

What is a sub capital neck fracture and a trans cervical neck fracture?

A

Subcapital: right below the head of the femur
Transcervical: middle of the neck of the femur

27
Q

What is a intertrochanteric fracture and a sub trochanteric fracture?

A

Inter: through the intertrochanter
Sub trochanteric: below the intertrochanter

28
Q

What is a type I and type II of a salter-Harris fracture?

A

Type I: fracture through physis (growth plate)
Type II: fracture partway through physis extending up into metaphysis

29
Q

What is a type III and type IV of the Salter-Harris fracture?

A

Type III: fracture partway through physis extending down into epiphysis
Type IV: fracture through metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis; can lead to angulation deformities

30
Q

What is a Type V Salter-Harris fracture?

A

Type V: crush injury to physis
*Look like the growth plate is staring to close

31
Q

What is the purpose of traction?

A
  1. Reduce fracture
  2. Immobilize
  3. Decrease pain and muscle spasm
  4. Correct deformities
  5. Stretch tight muscles
32
Q

What is neurovascular compromise?

A
  1. Damage to nerves from fragments of bone, pressure for casts, splints,and traction
33
Q

What are the 6 P’s of neurovascular compromise?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Pulselessness
  3. Paresthesia
  4. Pallor
  5. Paralysis
  6. Poikilothermia
34
Q

What is poikilothermia?

A
  1. The extremity loses the ability to regulate heat and will assume the temperature of that specific area around it
35
Q

What is fat embolism syndrome?

A
  1. Release of particles of fat into the blood stream from the yellow marrow at site of injury
36
Q

What are the risks factors of fat embolism syndrome?

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Multiple fractures
  3. High serum glucose or cholesterol level
37
Q

What is Avascular necrosis?

A
  1. Loss of blood supply to the bones
    *risk factors mainly hip or anywhere there is bone displacement
38
Q

What is the treatment of Avascular necrosis?

A
  1. Surgical joint replacement
39
Q

What are the stages of bone healing?

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. granulation
  3. Callus formation
  4. Osteoblasts proliferation
  5. Bone remodeling
  6. Complete healing
    *takes around 2 years
40
Q

What is delayed union?

A
  1. The bone will heal but it takes >6 months to a year to heal
41
Q

What is nonunion?

A
  1. < 1/2 of bone fragments joined together
42
Q

What is malunion?

A
  1. Bone healed in state of deformity

Clinical Medicine (164 decks)

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